动手学习数据分析Task02

参考资料：https://gitee.com/datawhalechina/hands-on-data-analysis

【回顾&引言】前面一章的内容大家可以感觉到我们主要是对基础知识做一个梳理，让大家了解数据分析的一些操作，主要做了数据的各个角度的观察。那么在这里，我们主要是做数据分析的流程性学习，主要是包括了数据清洗以及数据的特征处理，数据重构以及数据可视化。这些内容是为数据分析最后的建模和模型评价做一个铺垫。

开始之前，导入numpy、pandas包和数据

#加载所需的库
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

#加载数据train.csv
df = pd.read_csv('train.csv')
df.head(3)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S

2 第二章：数据清洗及特征处理

我们拿到的数据通常是不干净的，所谓的不干净，就是数据中有缺失值，有一些异常点等，需要经过一定的处理才能继续做后面的分析或建模，所以拿到数据的第一步是进行数据清洗，本章我们将学习缺失值、重复值、字符串和数据转换等操作，将数据清洗成可以分析或建模的亚子。

2.1 缺失值观察与处理

我们拿到的数据经常会有很多缺失值，比如我们可以看到Cabin列存在NaN，那其他列还有没有缺失值，这些缺失值要怎么处理呢

2.1.1 任务一：缺失值观察

(1) 请查看每个特征缺失值个数
(2) 请查看Age， Cabin， Embarked列的数据
以上方式都有多种方式，所以大家多多益善

#写入代码
df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 12 columns):
 #   Column       Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------       --------------  -----  
 0   PassengerId  891 non-null    int64  
 1   Survived     891 non-null    int64  
 2   Pclass       891 non-null    int64  
 3   Name         891 non-null    object 
 4   Sex          891 non-null    object 
 5   Age          714 non-null    float64
 6   SibSp        891 non-null    int64  
 7   Parch        891 non-null    int64  
 8   Ticket       891 non-null    object 
 9   Fare         891 non-null    float64
 10  Cabin        204 non-null    object 
 11  Embarked     889 non-null    object 
dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 83.7+ KB

#写入代码
df.isnull().sum()

PassengerId      0
Survived         0
Pclass           0
Name             0
Sex              0
Age            177
SibSp            0
Parch            0
Ticket           0
Fare             0
Cabin          687
Embarked         2
dtype: int64

#写入代码
df[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head(3)

	Age	Cabin	Embarked
0	22.0	NaN	S
1	38.0	C85	C
2	26.0	NaN	S

2.1.2 任务二：对缺失值进行处理

(1)处理缺失值一般有几种思路

(2) 请尝试对Age列的数据的缺失值进行处理

(3) 请尝试使用不同的方法直接对整张表的缺失值进行处理

#处理缺失值的一般思路：
#提醒：可使用的函数有--->dropna函数与fillna函数
df[df['Age']==None]=0
df[df['Age'].isnull()]=0
df[df['Age']==np.nan]=0
df.dropna().head(3)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
5	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0

#写入代码
df[df['Age']==None]=0
df[df['Age'].isnull()]=0
df[df['Age']==np.nan]=0
df.fillna(0).head(3)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	0	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	0	S

#写入代码
df[df['Cabin']==None]=0
df[df['Cabin'].isnull()]=0
df[df['Cabin']==np.nan]=0
df.dropna().head(3)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0

#写入代码
df[df['Embarked']==None]=0
df[df['Embarked'].isnull()]=0
df[df['Embarked']==np.nan]=0
df.dropna().head(3)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0

【思考1】dropna和fillna有哪些参数，分别如何使用呢?

【思考】检索空缺值用np.nan,None以及.isnull()哪个更好，这是为什么？如果其中某个方式无法找到缺失值，原因又是为什么？

#思考回答

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.dropna.html

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.fillna.html

2.2 重复值观察与处理

由于这样那样的原因，数据中会不会存在重复值呢，如果存在要怎样处理呢

2.2.1 任务一：请查看数据中的重复值

#写入代码
df[df.duplicated()]

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
2	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
4	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
5	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
7	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
8	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
884	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
885	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
886	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
888	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
890	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0

707 rows × 12 columns

2.2.2 任务二：对重复值进行处理

(1)重复值有哪些处理方式呢？

(2)处理我们数据的重复值

方法多多益善

#重复值有哪些处理方式：
df = df.drop_duplicates()
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
6	7	0	1	McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J	male	54.0	0	0	17463	51.8625	E46	S
10	11	1	3	Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut	female	4.0	1	1	PP 9549	16.7000	G6	S

2.2.3 任务三：将前面清洗的数据保存为csv格式

#写入代码
df.to_csv('test_clear.csv')

2.3 特征观察与处理

我们对特征进行一下观察，可以把特征大概分为两大类：
数值型特征：Survived ，Pclass， Age ，SibSp， Parch， Fare，其中Survived， Pclass为离散型数值特征，Age，SibSp， Parch， Fare为连续型数值特征
文本型特征：Name， Sex， Cabin，Embarked， Ticket，其中Sex， Cabin， Embarked， Ticket为类别型文本特征，数值型特征一般可以直接用于模型的训练，但有时候为了模型的稳定性及鲁棒性会对连续变量进行离散化。文本型特征往往需要转换成数值型特征才能用于建模分析。

2.3.1 任务一：对年龄进行分箱（离散化）处理

(1) 分箱操作是什么？

(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

(3) 将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50% 70% 90%五个年龄段，并用分类变量12345表示

(5) 将上面的获得的数据分别进行保存，保存为csv格式

#分箱操作是什么：

#写入代码
#将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand']=pd.cut(df['Age'], 5, labels=[1,2,3,4,5])
df.head()

<ipython-input-20-c77b5d6e1abd>:3: SettingWithCopyWarning: 
A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame.
Try using .loc[row_indexer,col_indexer] = value instead

See the caveats in the documentation: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/indexing.html#returning-a-view-versus-a-copy
  df['AgeBand']=pd.cut(df['Age'], 5, labels=[1,2,3,4,5])

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0	1
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	3
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	3
6	7	0	1	McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J	male	54.0	0	0	17463	51.8625	E46	S	4
10	11	1	3	Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut	female	4.0	1	1	PP 9549	16.7000	G6	S	1

#写入代码
df.to_csv('test_ave.csv')

#写入代码
#将连续变量Age划分为(0,5] (5,15] (15,30] (30,50] (50,80]五个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels=[1,2,3,4,5])
df.head(3)

<ipython-input-23-4505505107d0>:3: SettingWithCopyWarning: 
A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame.
Try using .loc[row_indexer,col_indexer] = value instead

See the caveats in the documentation: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/indexing.html#returning-a-view-versus-a-copy
  df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels=[1,2,3,4,5])

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0	NaN
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	4
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	4

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.cut.html

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.qcut.html

2.3.2 任务二：对文本变量进行转换

(1) 查看文本变量名及种类
(2) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin ，Embarked用数值变量12345表示
(3) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin， Embarked用one-hot编码表示

#写入代码
#查看类别文本变量名及种类

#方法一: value_counts
df['Sex'].value_counts()
df['Cabin'].value_counts()
df['Embarked'].value_counts()

S    116
C     65
Q      2
0      1
Name: Embarked, dtype: int64

#写入代码
#方法二: unique
df['Sex'].unique()

#写入代码
#将类别文本转换为12345

#方法一: replace
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].replace(['male','female'],[1,2])
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand	Sex_num
0	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0	NaN	0
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	4	2
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	4	2
6	7	0	1	McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J	male	54.0	0	0	17463	51.8625	E46	S	5	1
10	11	1	3	Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut	female	4.0	1	1	PP 9549	16.7000	G6	S	1	2

#方法二: map
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].map({'male': 1,'female': 2})
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand	Sex_num
0	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0	NaN	NaN
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	4	2.0
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	4	2.0
6	7	0	1	McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J	male	54.0	0	0	17463	51.8625	E46	S	5	1.0
10	11	1	3	Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut	female	4.0	1	1	PP 9549	16.7000	G6	S	1	2.0

#方法三: 使用sklearn.preprocessing的LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
for feat in ['Cabin', 'Ticket']:
    lbl = LabelEncoder()
    label_dict = dict(zip(df[feat].unique(), range(df[feat].nunique())))
    df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = df[feat].map(label_dict)
    df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = lbl.fit_transform(df[feat].astype(str))
    
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand	Sex_num	Cabin_labelEncode	Ticket_labelEncode
0	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0	NaN	NaN	0	0
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	4	2.0	73	110
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	4	2.0	49	32
6	7	0	1	McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J	male	54.0	0	0	17463	51.8625	E46	S	5	1.0	118	56
10	11	1	3	Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut	female	4.0	1	1	PP 9549	16.7000	G6	S	1	2.0	132	121

2.3.3 任务三：从纯文本Name特征里提取出Titles的特征(所谓的Titles就是Mr,Miss,Mrs等)

#写入代码
df['Title'] = df.Name.str.extract('([A-Za-z]+)\.', expand=False)
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand	Sex_num	Cabin_labelEncode	Ticket_labelEncode	Title
0	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0000	0	0	NaN	NaN	0	0	NaN
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	4	2.0	73	110	Mrs
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	4	2.0	49	32	Mrs
6	7	0	1	McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J	male	54.0	0	0	17463	51.8625	E46	S	5	1.0	118	56	Mr
10	11	1	3	Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut	female	4.0	1	1	PP 9549	16.7000	G6	S	1	2.0	132	121	Miss

#保存最终你完成的已经清理好的数据
df.to_csv('test_fin.csv')