一些公式的推导证明

$n^2$的前n次方之和的推导

$$S=1^2+2^2+\cdots +n^2$$
利用${\left(n+1\right)}^3$的性质进行推导：
$$\begin{array}{rl}(n+1{)}^3-n^3& =3n^2+3n+1\\ n^3+(n-1{)}^3& =3(n-1{)}^2+3(n-1)+1\\ & \cdots \\ 2^3-1^3& =3\cdot 1^2+3\cdot 1+1\end{array}$$
将该等式前n相加，得：
$$\begin{array}{rl}& \sum ^n\left[(n+1{)}^3-n^3\right]\\ & =(n+1{)}^3-1^3\\ & \Rightarrow 3(1^2+2^2+\cdots +n^2)+3(1+2+\cdots +n)+n\\ \text{故，}(1^2+2^2+\cdots +n^2)& =\frac{(n+1{)}^3-1-3\cdot \frac{n(1+n)}{2}-n}{3}\\ & =\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}\end{array}$$

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关于极限的求解

$\text{1.}{\lim }_{n\to +\infty }(nsin\frac{1}{n}{)}^{n^2}=?$
$$\begin{array}{rl}& \underset{n\to +\infty }{\lim }(nsin\frac{1}{n}{)}^{n^2}\\ & =\underset{n\to +\infty }{\lim }{e}^{n^{2}ln(nsin\frac{1}{n})}\\ & =e^{{\lim }_{n\to +\infty }{n}^2\cdot ln({\lim }_{n\to +\infty }\frac{sin\frac{1}{n}}{\frac{1}{n}})}\\ & =e^{+\infty \cdot 0}\\ & =e^0=1\end{array}$$
以上是错误的解法，$+\infty \cdot 0$是一种未定式。正确解法如下：
$$\begin{array}{rl}& \underset{n\to +\infty }{\lim }(nsin\frac{1}{n}{)}^{n^2}\\ & =\underset{n\to +\infty }{\lim }{e}^{n^{2}ln(nsin\frac{1}{n})}\\ & =e^{{\lim }_{n\to +\infty }{n}^2\cdot ln(nsin\frac{1}{n})}\end{array}$$
由于$ln(nsin\frac{1}{n})\sim nsin\frac{1}{n}-1$，故
$$\begin{array}{rl}& =e^{{\lim }_{n\to +\infty }{n}^2\cdot \left(nsin\frac{1}{n}-1\right)}\\ & =e^{{\lim }_{n\to +\infty }\left(\frac{sin\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n}}{\frac{1}{n^3}}\right)}\end{array}$$
又对于$\sin x$按照麦克劳林公式展开为$x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+o(x^3)$，故
$$\begin{array}{rl}& =e^{{\lim }_{n\to +\infty }\left(\frac{-\frac{1}{6n^3}}{\frac{1}{n^3}}\right)}\\ & =e^{-\frac{1}{6}}\end{array}$$