Python基础学习_文件与异常_异常

Python基础学习_文件与异常_异常

1.3异常的出现的原因：Python使用被称为异常的特殊对象来管理程序执行期间发生的错误。

即一出现异常，python都会创建一个异常对象

异常处理的模块： try-except,作用让pyhthon执行指定的操作，

同时告知python出现错误该怎么办

好处：即使出现异常，程序也将继续运行，显示你编写的友好的错误消息，

而不至于令编程者在traceback上迷糊

1.3.1 处理ZeroDivisionError异常

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero，程序报的错误

ZeroDivisionError是一个异常对象，python无法执行，即返回ZeroDivisionError对象

于是停止运行，然后我们按照原因去修改代码块

print(5/0)  

结果：

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<ipython-input-6-fad870a50e27>", line 1, in <module>
    print(5/0)

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

解释：因为0位不能为分母，因为0不能为被除数，所以报错

1.3.2 使用try-except 代码块

try:
    print(5/0)  
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("You can't divide by zero!")

结果：

You can't divide by zero!

解释：加上try-except模块后直接告诉你错误的原因是0不能为分母，而不是Traceback

注意： 若try 代码块中的代码运行起来没问题，则跳过except代码

否则，执行except代码，python会查找这样的except代码块，并运行其中的代码

即其中指定的错误与引发的错误相同，如try-except后面还有代码，则继续运行

10.3. 使用异常避免崩溃

只执行简单除法的计算器

print("Give me too numbers, and I'll divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit.")

while True:
    first_number = input("\nFirst number: ")
    if first_number == 'q':
        break
    second_number = input("\nSecond number: ")
    if second_number == 'q':
        break
    answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)
    print(answer)

结果：

例子1： 5,6
Give me too numbers, and I'll divide them.
Enter 'q' to quit.


First number: 5


Second number: 6
0.8333333333333334


First number: q
例子2：
Give me too numbers, and I'll divide them.
Enter 'q' to quit.


First number: 5


Second number: 0
Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<ipython-input-9-132a63a48014>", line 11, in <module>
    answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

使用异常对象的原因：只展示出现异常的对象，即是后面answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)这句话不应该展示出来，避免让黑客知道程序容易出错的位置，而应该只展示ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

而不展示出现异常的代码块，这样有利于不被黑客攻击

1.3.4 else 代码块

将有可能引发错误的代码放在try-except代码块中，可以提高程序抵御错误的能力

print("Give me too numbers, and I'll divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit.")

while True:
    first_number = input("\nFirst number: ")
    if first_number == 'q':
        break
    second_number = input("\nSecond number: ")
    try:
        answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)
    except ZeroDivisionError:
        print("You can't divide by 0!")
    else:
        print(answer)

结果：

例子1：9,6
Give me too numbers, and I'll divide them.
Enter 'q' to quit.


First number: 9


Second number: 6
1.5


First number: q
例子2：
Give me too numbers, and I'll divide them.
Enter 'q' to quit.


First number: 5


Second number: 0
You can't divide by 0!


First number: q

更改后的代码就隐藏掉我们容易被黑客入侵的漏洞程序

try-except-else代码块的运行原理：当try后面的代码执行正确时跳过except代码块，

执行else语句后面的代码块;当try后面的代码执行不通过时，执行except后面的代码抛出错误

注意：try代码块里面放的是能引发错误的代码块，else代码块放的是try代码块能执行时

相应的其他代码块

1.3.5 处理FileNotFoundError异常

即，找不到文件错误

filename = 'alice.txt'

with open(filename) as f_obj:
    contents = f_obj.read()

结果：

FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'alice.txt'

错误提示：FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘alice.txt’

即找不到名为alice.txt的文件

这个错误是函数open()导致的，因此处理这个错误将try放在open()的代码前面

好处：显示友好的错误信息，即文件不存在，而不是traceback

filename = 'alice.txt'

try:
    with open(filename) as f_obj:
        contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    msg = "Sorry, the file" + filename + "does not exist."
    print(msg)
else:
    print(contents)

结果：

Sorry, the filealice.txtdoes not exist.

1.3.6 分析文本文件

使用多个文件，异常处理的好处

split()方法：根据字符串创建一个单词列表，即拆分字符串

拆分方式：以空格符将字符串拆成多个部分，并将多个部分放到一个列表中

用途：拆分小说，计算列表的元素多少，最终知道有多少个单词

title = 'Alice in Wonderland'
title.split()

filename = 'alice.txt'

try:
    with open(filename) as f_obj:
        contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    msg = "Sorry, the file" + filename + "does not exist."
    print(msg)
else:
    # 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
    words = contents.split()      # 以空格符拆分 返回单词列表
    num_words = len(words)        # 统计元素数量
    print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) + ' words.')

结果：

The file alice.txt has about 29461 words.

1.3.7 使用多个文件

分析多本书

# 定义 count_words()函数
def count_words(filename):
    """计算一个文件大致包含多少个单词"""
    try:
        with open(filename) as f_obj:
            contents = f_obj.read()
    except FileNotFoundError:
        msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
        print(msg)
    else:
        # 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
        words = contents.split()      # 以空格符拆分 返回单词列表
        num_words = len(words)        # 统计元素数量
        print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) + ' words.')

## 修改程序的同时更新注释是好的习惯
filename = 'alice.txt'
count_words(filename)

统计不同书本的单词数

filenames = ['alice.txt','siddhartha1.txt','moby_dick.txt','little_women.txt']
for filename in filenames:
    count_words(filename)

结果：

The file alice.txt has about 29461 words.
The file alice.txt has about 29461 words.
Sorry, the file siddhartha1.txt does not exist.
The file moby_dick.txt has about 215136 words.
The file little_women.txt has about 189079 words.

解释：可以看到除了第3行一外，其他都正常的显示了每个文本中单词数目；而第三个文本不存在，直接给了用户提示，方便用户去检查用户输入的文件名称是否正确。

1.3.8 失败时一声不吭

即在except代码块中 用pass直接什么都不做，pass还充当占位符

占位符：即目前不做什么，但是后面我们可以加一个将异常问题写入一个文本文件

中以备后期维护

# 定义 count_words()函数
def count_words(filename):
    """计算一个文件大致包含多少个单词"""
    try:
        with open(filename) as f_obj:
            contents = f_obj.read()
    except FileNotFoundError:
        pass
    else:
        # 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
        words = contents.split()      # 以空格符拆分 返回单词列表
        num_words = len(words)        # 统计元素数量
        print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) + ' words.')

统计不同书本的单词数

filenames = ['alice.txt','siddhartha1.txt','moby_dick.txt','little_women.txt']
for filename in filenames:
    count_words(filename)

结果：

The file alice.txt has about 29461 words.
The file moby_dick.txt has about 215136 words.
The file little_women.txt has about 189079 words.

总结