String.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)

String.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)

环境：jdk1.8

Locale是针对区域的转换规则

首先看到Locale类中的ROOT是用两个空字符串初始化的对象，表示所有语言环境的基本语言环境，并且用于语言/国家无关的区域设置，用于区域设置敏感的操作。

    /**
     * Useful constant for the root locale.  The root locale is the locale whose
     * language, country, and variant are empty ("") strings.  This is regarded
     * as the base locale of all locales, and is used as the language/country
     * neutral locale for the locale sensitive operations.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    static public final Locale ROOT = createConstant("", "");

部分语种和区域属性

    /** Useful constant for language.
     */
    static public final Locale JAPANESE = createConstant("ja", "");

    /** Useful constant for language.
     */
    static public final Locale KOREAN = createConstant("ko", "");

    /** Useful constant for language.
     */
    static public final Locale CHINESE = createConstant("zh", "");

    /** Useful constant for language.
     */
    static public final Locale SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE = createConstant("zh", "CN"); // 中国简体

    /** Useful constant for language.
     */
    static public final Locale TRADITIONAL_CHINESE = createConstant("zh", "TW"); // 中国繁体

    /** Useful constant for country.
     */
    static public final Locale FRANCE = createConstant("fr", "FR");

    /** Useful constant for country.
     */
    static public final Locale GERMANY = createConstant("de", "DE");

    /** Useful constant for country.
     */
    static public final Locale ITALY = createConstant("it", "IT");

    /** Useful constant for country.
     */
    static public final Locale JAPAN = createConstant("ja", "JP");

    /** Useful constant for country.
     */
    static public final Locale KOREA = createConstant("ko", "KR");

来看看String转小写的无参方法

public String toLowerCase() {
        return toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault()); // 最终调用的都是有参转小写
    }
// 这里调用Locale的initDefault获取Locale

private static Locale initDefault() {
        String language, region, script, country, variant;
        language = AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new GetPropertyAction("user.language", "en")); // 获取主机的语种
        // for compatibility, check for old user.region property
        region = AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new GetPropertyAction("user.region"));  // 获取主机的区域
        if (region != null) {
            // region can be of form country, country_variant, or _variant
            int i = region.indexOf('_');
            if (i >= 0) {
                country = region.substring(0, i);
                variant = region.substring(i + 1);
            } else {
                country = region;
                variant = "";
            }
            script = "";
        } else {
            script = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                new GetPropertyAction("user.script", ""));
            country = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                new GetPropertyAction("user.country", ""));
            variant = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                new GetPropertyAction("user.variant", ""));
        }

        return getInstance(language, script, country, variant, null);
    }

上面的获取语种和区域，在中国大陆大部分是 -Duser.language=“zh” \ -Duser.region=“CN” \

也就是对应的

static public final Locale SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE = createConstant("zh", "CN");

来看看String转小写的最终方法：

public String toLowerCase(Locale locale) {
        if (locale == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        int firstUpper;
        final int len = value.length;

        /* Now check if there are any characters that need to be changed. */
        scan: {
            for (firstUpper = 0 ; firstUpper < len; ) {
                char c = value[firstUpper];
                if ((c >= Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE)
                        && (c <= Character.MAX_HIGH_SURROGATE)) {
                    int supplChar = codePointAt(firstUpper);
                    if (supplChar != Character.toLowerCase(supplChar)) {
                        break scan;
                    }
                    firstUpper += Character.charCount(supplChar);
                } else {
                    if (c != Character.toLowerCase(c)) {
                        break scan;
                    }
                    firstUpper++;
                }
            }
            return this;
        }

        char[] result = new char[len];
        int resultOffset = 0;  /* result may grow, so i+resultOffset
                                * is the write location in result */

        /* Just copy the first few lowerCase characters. */
        System.arraycopy(value, 0, result, 0, firstUpper);

        String lang = locale.getLanguage();
        boolean localeDependent =
                (lang == "tr" || lang == "az" || lang == "lt");
        char[] lowerCharArray;
        int lowerChar;
        int srcChar;
        int srcCount;
        for (int i = firstUpper; i < len; i += srcCount) {
            srcChar = (int)value[i];
            if ((char)srcChar >= Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE
                    && (char)srcChar <= Character.MAX_HIGH_SURROGATE) {
                srcChar = codePointAt(i);
                srcCount = Character.charCount(srcChar);
            } else {
                srcCount = 1;
            }
            if (localeDependent ||
                srcChar == '\u03A3' || // 希腊大写字母
                srcChar == '\u0130') { // 拉丁文大写字母I上面带点
                lowerChar = ConditionalSpecialCasing.toLowerCaseEx(this, i, locale);
            } else {
                lowerChar = Character.toLowerCase(srcChar);
            }
            if ((lowerChar == Character.ERROR)
                    || (lowerChar >= Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT)) {
                if (lowerChar == Character.ERROR) {
                    lowerCharArray =
                            ConditionalSpecialCasing.toLowerCaseCharArray(this, i, locale);
                } else if (srcCount == 2) {
                    resultOffset += Character.toChars(lowerChar, result, i + resultOffset) - srcCount;
                    continue;
                } else {
                    lowerCharArray = Character.toChars(lowerChar);
                }

                /* Grow result if needed */
                int mapLen = lowerCharArray.length;
                if (mapLen > srcCount) {
                    char[] result2 = new char[result.length + mapLen - srcCount];
                    System.arraycopy(result, 0, result2, 0, i + resultOffset);
                    result = result2;
                }
                for (int x = 0; x < mapLen; ++x) {
                    result[i + resultOffset + x] = lowerCharArray[x];
                }
                resultOffset += (mapLen - srcCount);
            } else {
                result[i + resultOffset] = (char)lowerChar;
            }
        }
        return new String(result, 0, len + resultOffset);
    }

从上面toLowerCase方法中

boolean localeDependent =
                (lang == "tr" || lang == "az" || lang == "lt");

这一行看出，转小写的方法只对小部分的特殊语种做了处理

总结

​ 没有特殊语种的情况直接使用无参toLowerCase即可，性能方面我没有做研究，有兴趣的可以去比较一下