《Python编程：从入门到实践》学习打卡6-字典

字典

基本概念

alien = {'color':'green','point':5}
print(alien['color']) # 'green'

1. 字典用花括号**{}**括起来，里面是字典的具体内容
2. 字典的内容由**键-值对（key-value）**构成，键在前，值在后，中间用冒号分开，键-值对之间用逗号分开
3. 每一个键都有与之对应的值，值可以是python中的任何对象，如字符串，数字，列表甚至字典
4. 通过使用键来访问值

基本操作

增删改查

alien = {} # 创建一个空字典
alien['color'] = 'green' 
alien['points'] = 5 # 字典中增加键-值对
print(alien) # {'color':'green','points':5}
del alien['color'] # 删除键-值对，永远消失
alien['points'] = 7 # 修改键对应的值，与列表修改方法类似，此处以键代替元素索引
print(aline['points']) # 查字典中的值，7

多对象字典

favorite_language = { # 字典内含有多个对象的特点
    'jen':'java',
    'mike':'c',
    'steven':'python'
}
print('jen favorite language is:' + 
     favorite_language['jen'] + 
     '.') # 语句跨行时，需在结尾添加‘+’号，回车之后缩进至上一行相同

课后习题

6-1人

person = {'first_name':'bryant','last_name':'kobe','age':30,'city':'Los Angeles'}
print(person['first_name'])
print(person['last_name'])
print(person['age'])
print(person['city'])

6-2喜欢的数字

favorite_num = {'jordan':23,'kobe':24,'rose':1,'paul':3,'paker':9}
print('jordan favorite number is ' + str(favorite_num['jordan']))
# 注意打印时值为整数型，需要转化为字符串型(str)

6-3词汇表

vacabulary = {'del':'delete','lower':'all become lowercase','upper':'all become capital'}
print('del:' + vacabulary['del'] + '\n\n' + 'lower:' + vacabulary['lower'] + '\n\n' + 		'upper:' + vacabulary['upper'])

遍历

遍历字典

格式：for key,value in 字典.items():

结果：返回一个键-值对列表

favorite_language = { 
    'jen':'java',
    'mike':'c',
    'steven':'python'
}
for key,value in favorite_language.items():
    print('\nkey:' + key)
    print('value:' + value)

遍历键

格式：for key in 字典.keys():

作用：返回字典中所有的键

favorite_language = { 
    'jen':'java',
    'mike':'c',
    'steven':'python'
}
for name in favorite_language.keys():
    print(name) # 提取所有的键存放到变量name中，此种表达更为清晰易懂
for name in favorite_language:
    print(name) # 因为遍历字典时首先默认遍历键，因此输出不变

# 例题，针对friend列表中的人进行描述，不在该列表的只打印名字
favorite_language = { 
    'jen':'java',
    'mike':'c',
    'steven':'python'
}
friends = ['jen','steven']
for name in favorite_language.keys():
    if name in friends:
        print('hello,' + name.title() + ' you favorite language is ' + favorite_language[name].title())
    else:
        print(name.title())

值得注意的是，字典中的键-值对不是按照某种特定的顺序排列的，因此在打印的时候也不会按照顺序打印，如果想要以特定的顺序进行打印，可使用函数sorted()

favorite_language = { 
    'jen':'java',
    'mike':'c',
    'steven':'python'
}
for name in sorted(favorite_language.keys()): # 按照升序进行打印
    print(name)

遍历值

格式：for value in 字典.values():

作用：返回字典中所有的值

注意：值可能存在相等的情况，因此采取对提取出的数据调用集合（set()），集合的特点是值只能出现一次

favorite_language = { 
    'jen':'java',
    'mike':'c',
    'steven':'python'
    'kathy':'java'
}
for language in favorite_language.values():
    print(language) # 此处打印的值有重复项'java'
for language in set(favorite_language.values()):
    print(language) # 调用集合之后不会出现重复项

课后习题

6-4词汇表

vacabulary = {'del':'delete','lower':'all become lowercase','upper':'all become capital'}
for term,explanation in vacabulary.items():
    print('\nkey:' + term)
    print('explanation:' + explanation)

6-5河流

rivers = {'nile':'egypt','yangtze':'china','ganges':'india'}
for river in rivers:
    print('The ' + river.title() + ' runs through ' + rivers[river].title())

rivers = {'nile':'egypt','yangtze':'china','ganges':'india'}
for river in rivers.keys():
    print(river.title())

rivers = {'nile':'egypt','yangtze':'china','ganges':'india'}
for nation in rivers.values():
    print(nation.title())

6-6调查

favorite_language = { 
    'jen':'java',
    'mike':'c',
    'steven':'python',
    'kathy':'java'
}
investigation_persons = ['jen','jessi','kathy','gary'] # 创建人员名单
for investigation_person in investigation_persons:
    if investigation_person in favorite_language.keys():
        print('thank you for investigation')
    else:
        print(investigation_person + ' we are glad to invite you to our investigation')

嵌套

基本含义

将列表和字典以任意组合存储，称之为嵌套，如在列表中存储字典或列表，在字典中存储字典或列表

字典列表

含义：同时处理多个字典，每个字典又包含多个特征，如同时对屏幕上的外星人进行处理，每个外星人又有不同的颜色，不同的分值，由此产生一个字典列表

alien_0 = {'color':'green','point':5}
alien_1 = {'color':'red','point':10}
alien_2 = {'color':'yellow','point':15} # 对每个外星人创建字典

aliens = [alien_0,alien_1,alien_2] # 创建字典列表
for alien in aliens: # 遍历列表
    print(alien)

aliens = []
for new_alien in range(30): # 产生30个外星人
    new_alien = {'color':'green','speed':'slow','point':5} # 刻画每个外星人的特性
    aliens.append(new_alien) # 将每一个外星人加入到列表中
    
    
for alien in aliens[0:3]: # 选取前三个外星人进行修改特性
    if alien['color'] == 'green':
        alien['color'] = 'yellow'
        alien['speed'] = 'medium'
        alien['point'] = 10
for alien in alien[0:3]: # 将每个字典看作一个元素进行打印
    print(alien)

字典中存储列表

层层剥离，先将字典中的键和值剥离，再将剥离出来的值当作一个列表进行处理

favorite_languages = {
     'jen':['java','php'],
     'mike':['c','python'],
     'steven':['c++','python'],
     'kathy':['java','c#']
 }
for name,languages in favorite_languages.items(): # 将键和值分开装进两个变量
    print(name.title())
    for language in languages: # 对值的变量进行处理
        print(language)