函数
定义
def greet():
"""定义问候函数"""
print('hello')
def greet(name):
print('hello,' + name.title())
greet()
greet(kim)- 定义函数使用关键词def
- 函数名后必须加括号以及冒号。括号内指定函数相关信息，没有信息括号也必不可少
- 冒号之后缩进，写函数内的代码
- 调用函数时用函数名加括号，如有信息，则在括号内显示
- 三个双引号是函数的注释文档
课后习题
8-1消息
def display_message():
print('I learned the definition of function')
# display_message()8-2喜欢的图书
def favorite_book(title):
print('one of my favorite books is ' + title.title())
# favorite_book(little prince)传递实参
位置实参
即实参的位置与形参的位置一一对应，可以同时多次调用
def pet(pet_type,pet_name):
print('this ' + pet_type + '\'s name is ' + pet_name)
pet('labrador','kiki')
pet('domentic','black')关键字实参
在函数括号内直接将实参与形参进行关联
def pet(pet_type,pet_name):
print('this ' + pet_type + '\'s name is ' + pet_name)
pet(pet_type='labrador',pet_name='kiki') # 形参和实参直接关联
pet('domentic','black')指定默认值，即直接在函数形参那里指明默认值,此时实参传进去一个值即可，当有默认值时应该将其放在参数表后面，因为python无论设定默认值与否，都会按照位置实参来处理可以对默认值进行修改，只要在对应位置输入修改的值即可。
def pet(pet_type='labrador',pet_name):
print('this ' + pet_type + '\'s name is ' + pet_name)
pet('kiki') # 编译不过，因为系统会按照位置实参来处理，实参与默认值冲突，应将默认值放在参数表后面课后习题
8-3消息
def make_shirt(size,printed):
print('This T-shirt \'s size is ' + str(size) + ' and ' + printed + ' printrd on it')
# 注意数值和字符串必须统一，使用str将数值转为字符串
make_shirt(32,'hello')8-4大号T恤
def make_shirt(size,printed='I Love Python'):
print('This T-shirt \'s size is ' + size + ' and ' + printed + ' printrd on it')
make_shirt('large') # 大号T恤
make_shirt('medium') # 中号T恤
make_shirt('small','hello world') #其他字样T恤8-5城市
def describe_city(name,nation='china'):
print(name + ' is in ' + nation)
describe_city('shanghai')
describe_city('seoul','korea')
describe_city('nanjing')返回值
函数并不总是直接打印结果，经常是对输入进行处理，得到相应的值，该值就是函数的返回值，返回值可以是任何类型，包括列表，字典等，使用return关键词对返回值进行处理
def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name):;
full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
return full_name.title() # 对函数返回值可以进一步处理
person = get_formatted_name('kobe','brayant') #将返回值存储在变量中
print(person) # Kobe Brayant返回字典
在函数内将字典表示出来，将字典整体赋给一个变量，返回变量值即可
def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name,age=''): # 设立待选值age为空
if age: # 如果age内不为空，就打印age
person={'first':first_name,'last':last_name,'age':age}
else:
person = {'first':first_name,'last':last_name}
return person
info = get_formatted_name('kobe','brayant',30)
print(info)函数与while循环结合
def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name):
full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
return full_name.title()
while True:
f_name = input('input your first name(press quit to end program):')
if f_name == 'quit':
break
l_name = input('input your last name:') # 输入用户首尾姓名
person = get_formatted_name(f_name,l_name) # 代入函数
print('hello ' + person)涉及中间名版本
def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name,middle=''):
if middle:
full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle + ' ' + last_name
else:
full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
return full_name.title()
while True:
f_name = input('input your first name(press quit to end program):')
if f_name == 'quit':
break
l_name = input('input your last name:')
m_name = input('input your middle name(no middle name with pressing enter):')
person = get_formatted_name(f_name,l_name,m_name)
print('hello ' + person)课后习题
8-6城市名
def city_country(name,nation):
info = name + ',' + ' ' + nation
return info.title()
line = city_country('shanghai','china')
print(line) # Shanghai, China8-7专辑
def make_album(singer,album,num=''):
if num:
line = {'singer':singer,'album':album,'num':num}
else:
line = {'singer':singer,'album':album}
return line
singer1 = make_album('chou','sunshine',5)
print(singer1)
singer2 = make_album('leessang','bicycle')
print(singer2)8-8用户的专辑
def make_album(singer,album,num=''):
if num:
line = {'singer':singer,'album':album,'num':num}
else:
line = {'singer':singer,'album':album}
return line
while True:
singer_name = input('input singer name(enter quit to end program):')
if singer_name == 'quit':
break
album_name = input('input album name:')
songs_number = input('input songs number(no with pressing enter):')
albums = make_album(singer_name,album_name,songs_number)
print(albums)传递列表
将列表当作一个参数传递进函数，在函数内可以和往常一样对列表进行处理
def guest(names): # 始终记住传递进来的参数是列表，这一点很重要
for name in names:
print('hello ' + name)
guests = ['john','jessi','kathy']
guest(guests)结合之前将一个列表的值移动到另一个列表中，先使用之前的方法实现，再使用函数实现一次
unprinted_items = ['case','tiger','ball']
completed_items = [] # 已完成列表
while unprinted-items:
printed_item = unprinted_items.pop()
completed_items.append(printed_item) # 已经打印的物件放进已完成列表
for completed_item in completed_items: #遍历已完成列表
print(completed_item)函数实现思路：先完成列表的转移，后完成转移后的列表的打印
针对较为复杂的过程，可以将过程分为多步，逐步完成
def move_items(unprinted_items,completed_items):
while unprinted_items:
temp = unprinted_items.pop()
completed_items.append(temp) #完成列表的转移
def moved_items(completed_items):
for completed_item in completed_items:
print(completed_item) #打印转移后的列表
unprinted_items = ['case','tiger','ball']
completed_items= []
move_items(unprinted_items,completed_items) # 此处可以在第一个参数后加[:]创建副本，防止原列表消失
print('following are printed:')
moved_items(completed_items) # 打印转移后的列表课后习题
8-9魔术师
def show_magicians(magicians):
for magician in magicians:
print(magician)
magician = ['john','jessi','kathy']
show_magicians(magician)8-10了不起的魔术师
def show_magicians(magicians):
for magician in magicians:
print(magician)
def make_great(magicians):
i = 0
while i < len(magicians): # 循环对每一个值进行修改
magicians[i] = 'the Great ' + magicians[i]
i = i + 1
magicians = ['john','jessi','kathy']
show_magicians(magicians)
make_great(magicians) # 改变列表，可对比上下两行列表的结果
show_magicians(magicians)8-11不变的魔术师
def show_magicians(magicians):
for magician in magicians:
print(magician)
def make_great(magicians):
i = 0
while i < len(magicians):
magicians[i] = 'the Great ' + magicians[i]
i = i + 1
return magicians
magicians = ['john','jessi','kathy']
imagicians_1 = make_great(magicians[:]) # 存储用副本修改的列表
show_magicians(imagicians_1)
show_magicians(magicians)传递任意数量的形参
一些情况下我们并不知道函数需要接受多少实参，在python中有一种方法允许接受任意数量的形参，需要在形参前加一个星号（*），此时python会创建一个空元组，将收到的实参都装进元组内。
当参数表既含有位置形参，也含有包含任意数量的形参，应该将位置形参放在前面，包含任意数量的形参放在后面，调用时先输入位置实参，后输入其他实参
def make_pizza(*toppings): # 创建空元组
print('here is the toppings:')
for topping in toppings:
print(topping)
make_pizza('onion','sheese','peppers')def make_pizza(size,*toppings): # 添加位置形参
print('you ordered a ' + str(size) + ' inch pizza') # 注意size是数值型，要改为字符串
print('here is the toppings:')
for topping in toppings:
print(topping)
make_pizza(12,'onion','sheese','peppers')最后一种是使用任意数量的关键词实参，即我们不知道会给函数传递什么样的值，此时，将函数编写成能够接受任意键值对的形式，用户输入多少信息，就接受多少信息，两个星号代表一个字典，多余的信息传进一个字典
def build_info(first_name,last_name,**user_info):
profile = {} # 创建一个空字典，接受实参
profile['first'] = first_name
profile['last_name'] = last_name
for key,value in user_info.items():
profile[key] = value
return profile
user_profile = build_info('bob','allen',filed='physican') # 键相当于一个变量，这里是给变量赋值
print(user_profile)课后习题
8-12三明治
def menus(*foods):
print('foods in sandwich are:')
for food in foods:
print(food)
menus('onion','beef','cheese')8-13用户简介
def build_info(first_name,last_name,**user_info):
profile = {} # 创建一个空字典，接受实参
profile['first'] = first_name
profile['last_name'] = last_name
for key,value in user_info.items():
profile[key] = value
return profile
user_profile = build_info('kobe','brayant',filed='basketball',nation='American',champions='5')
print(user_profile)8-14汽车
def car_info(manufacture,_type,**other_info):
info = {}
info['manufacture'] = manufacture
info['type'] = _type
for key,value in other_info.items():
info[key] = value
return info
show_car = car_info('honda','business',color='red',two_package=True)
print(show_car)函数存储在模块中
将函数存储在一个模块中，可以方便后续的直接使用以及与他人的分享，使用import语句可将存储在程序文件中的模块导出并直接加以使用
例如上文课后习题8-14，可以将其封装成一个模块，其拓展名为car.py，在该模块目录下再次创建一个后缀名为py的文件，当在该文件想调用car_info函数，只需输入import car即可，然后输入参数即可求出结果
import car
show_car = car_info('honda','business',color='red',two_package=True)
print(show_car)模块不一定只含有一个函数，它可以包含很多函数，我们可以导入一部分函，也可以导入所有函数
from module_name import function_name # 导入指定函数
from module_name import func1,func2,func3 #导入部分函数
from module_name import * # 星号代表导入模块中所有函数，由于可能存在变量名一致，一般不要这么做当导入的函数与现有的函数名称相互冲突，或者模块名与现有变量冲突，还可以为导入的函数和模块改变名称
from car import car_info as c_i
import car as qiche函数编写要点
- 函数名及变量名应该带有描述性质，使用小写字母加下划线组合进行命名，这有利于阅读代码
- 在函数部分加上三个双引号进行相应的注释，阐述函数的作用，参数含义等
课后习题
8-15打印模型
def print_models(unprinted_models,completed_models): #将该函数单独放在printing_functions文件
while unprinted_models:
temp = unprinted_models.pop()
completed_models.append(temp)def printed_models(completed_models):
for completed_model in completed_models:
print(completed_model)
import printing_functions # 导入模块
unprinted_models = ['case','tiger','hat']
completed_models = []
print('following are printing:')
print_x = printing_functions.print_models(unprinted_models,completed_models) # 注意函数的调用形式，要在前面加模块名
print(print_x)
print('following are printed:')
printed_models(completed_models)8-16导入
import printing_functions
from printing_funtions import print_models
from printing_funtions import print_models as pm
import printing_funtions as pm
from printing_funtions import *
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