string接口简单使用

string使用整理

#include <string> 
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test1() {
	//字符串的相关构造
	/*string s1;
	string s2("123");
	string s3(s2);
	string s4 = "123456";*/
	//size: 返回有效字符的个数---和\0有区别
	//length:返回有效字符的个数
	string s1("123");
	const string s2 = "123456";
	int ret1 = s1.size();
	int ret2 = s2.size();
	cout << "ret1: " << ret1 << endl;
	cout << "ret2: " << ret2 << endl;

	char s3[] = { '1', '2', '\0', '\0' };
	int ret3 = strlen(s3);
	string s4(s3);
	int ret4 = s4.size();
	cout << "ret3: " << ret3 << endl;
	cout << "ret4: " << ret4 << endl;
}
int main() {
	test1();
	system("color A");
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果:
在这里插入图片描述

#include <string> 
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;


void test1() {
   //扩大resize
	string s5("12345");
	//resize: 修改有效字符的个数
	s5.resize(10); //扩容的个数大于本身有效元素的个数 大于有效元素的部分用\0代替
	const char* str = s5.c_str();
	int ret5 = s5.size();
	int ret6 = strlen(str); //遇到\0就结束
	cout << "ret5: " << ret5 << endl;
	cout << "ret6: " << ret6 << endl;

	cout << s5 << "end" << endl; //\0\0\0\0\0 s5本身有效字符的个数是5,经过resize之后扩容(扩容的个数大于本身有效元素的个数)
	cout << str << "end" << endl;
}
int main() {
	test1();
	system("color A");
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果:
在这里插入图片描述

#include <string> 
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;


void test1() {
string s5("12345");
	//resize: 修改有效字符的个数
	s5.resize(10,'a'); //扩容的个数大于本身有效元素的个数  大于有效元素的部分用a代替 
	const char* str = s5.c_str();
	int ret5 = s5.size();
	int ret6 = strlen(str);
	cout << "ret5: " << ret5 << endl;
	cout << "ret6: " << ret6 << endl;

	cout << s5 << "end" << endl; //aaaaa s5本身有效字符的个数是5,经过resize之后扩容(扩容的个数大于本身有效元素的个数)
	cout << str << "end" << endl;

}
int main() {
	test1();
	system("color A");
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果:
在这里插入图片描述

#include <string> 
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;


void test1() {
	//缩小resize:  不会改变原有位置的内容
	string s5("12345");
	s5.resize(2); //扩容的个数小于本身有效元素的个数
	const char* str = s5.c_str();
	int ret5 = s5.size();
	int ret6 = strlen(str);
	cout << "ret5: " << ret5 << endl;
	cout << "ret6: " << ret6 << endl;

	//s5本身有效字符的个数是5,
	//经过resize之后扩容(扩容的个数大于本身有效元素的个数)
	cout << s5 << "end" << endl;
	cout << str << "end" << endl;
}

int main() {
	test1();
	system("color A");
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果:
在这里插入图片描述

#include <string> 
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test1() {
    string s6("123");
	int ret1 = s6.size();
	int cap1 = s6.capacity();
	cout << "扩容之前的size: " << ret1 << endl;
	cout << "扩容之前的capacity: " << cap1 << endl;
	//resize:只改变有效元素的个数,不会改变capacity
	s6.resize(10,'a');
	int ret2 = s6.size();
	//capacity:表示string对象能存放有效元素的最大个数
	int cap2 = s6.capacity();
	cout << s6 << endl;
	cout << "扩容之后的size: " << ret2 << endl;
	cout << "扩容之后的capacity: " << cap2 << endl;
	resize:总结
	1.resize(n):让size变成n,且新增的位置用\0补充
	2.resize(n,'c'):让size变成n,且新增的位置用'c'补充
	3.resize: 只会增加新填充的内容,不会修改已有位置的内容
	4.resize:可以变大变小size
    5.resize之后的size比string原始的容量大,则string之后会进行增容
	}

	int main() {
		test1();
		system("color A");
		system("pause");
		return 0;
	}

运行结果:
在这里插入图片描述

#include <string> 
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test1() {
	//reserve: 只改变容量(既能增大也能减小),不改变实际元素的个数(size)
    string s1;
	s1.resize(10);
	cout << "size: " << s1.size() << endl;
	cout << "capacity: " << s1.capacity() << endl;
	s1.reserve(60);
	cout << "size: " << s1.size() << endl;
	cout << "capacity: " << s1.capacity() << endl;

	s1.reserve(10);
	cout << "size: " << s1.size() << endl;
	cout << "capacity: " << s1.capacity() << endl;
}

int main() {
	test1();
	system("color A");
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果:
在这里插入图片描述

#include <string> 
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;


void test1() {
	//reserve: 改变容量大小,size大小不发生能改变
	//如果需要减小容量,实际的容量大小会根据string对象的内容进行适当优化处理(直到容量必须满足元素需要的空间即可)
    string s2("12345");
	cout << "扩容之前" << endl;
	cout << "size: " << s2.size() << endl;
	cout << "capacity: " << s2.capacity() << endl;

	cout << "扩容之后" << endl;
	s2.reserve(4);
	cout << "size: " << s2.size() << endl;
	cout << "capacity: " << s2.capacity() << endl;
}

int main() {
	test1();
	system("color A");
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果:
在这里插入图片描述

#include <string> 
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test1() {
 //增容: 第一次2倍,后续大概1.5倍,这样的方式进行增容会使得开销很大,每一次进行增容都要经过,//1.开空间2.复制拷贝3.释放空间
// // 假如提前开好空间那么会大大减小开销
	string s1;
	int cap = s1.capacity();
	cout << "capacity:" << cap << endl;
	for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
		s1.push_back(i);
		if (cap != s1.capacity()) {
			cap = s1.capacity();
			cout << "capacity:" << cap << endl;
		}
	}
}

int main() {
	test1();
	system("color A");
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果:
在这里插入图片描述

#include <string> 
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test1() {
    //提前开好空间: 
	string s1;
	int cap = s1.capacity();
	cout << "capacity:" << cap << endl;

	s1.reserve(100); //减小了增容的开销
	cout << "capacity:" << s1.capacity() << endl;

	for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
		s1.push_back(i);
		if (cap != s1.capacity()) {
			cap = s1.capacity();
			cout << "capacity:" << cap << endl;
		}
	}
}

int main () {
	test1();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

运行结果:
在这里插入图片描述

front back

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;


void test2() {

	//string s1 = "1234";
	//cout << s1 << endl;
	front:获取第一个元素的字符 返回值为引用,都是可读可写的接口
	//s1.front() = 'a';
	//cout << s1 << endl;

	back;获取最后一个元素的字符 返回值为引用,都是可读可写的接口
	//s1.back() = 'b';
	//cout << s1 << endl;

	const front/back  都是可读的接口,不能对值进行修改
	///*const string s2 = "1234";
	//s2.front() = 'a';
	//s2.back() = 'b';
	//cout << s2 << endl;*/


	//at接口:能对有效范围的元素进行修改,假如元素的下标越界,那么会抛异常
	string s = "1234";
	cout << s << endl;

	s.at(0) = 'a';
	s.at(1) = 'b';
	cout << s << endl;

	//at 位置越界,抛异常
	/*s.at(5) = 'a';
	cout << s << endl;*/
	const string s2 = "1234";
	cout << s2 << endl;
	cout << s2.at(2) << endl; //获取小标为2对应的元素

}

int main () {

	test2();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

字符串遍历

//operator[] 重载 :接口既有const,也有非const接口
//operator []位置越界: 1.deBug版本报assert错误 2.release版本不报错

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test3() { 
	string s = "1234";
	cout << s << endl;
	//operator[] 运算符重载
	//s[]<--->s.operator[] 二者等价 

	s[0] = 'a';
	s[1] = 'b';
	s.operator[](2) = 'c';
	cout << s << endl;
	//operator[]对字符串进行遍历

	for (int i = 0; i < s.size();i++) {
		cout << s[i] << " ";
		s[i] = 'p';
	}
	cout << endl;

	for (int i = 0; i < s.size(); i++) {
		cout << s[i] << " ";
		
	}
	cout << endl;
}

int main () {
	test3();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

//字符串的遍历

//1.迭代器:一种元素的通用访问机制,是一种设计模式.
//
//begin迭代器:指向容器中的第一个元素下一个位置
//begin和end迭代器的适用范围:左闭右开[begin,end)
//cbegin,cend,begin,end

//void PrintString(const string& s) {
//	//iterator begin()    非const接口
//	//const_iterator begin() const
//	//iterator end() 
//	//const_iterator end() const
//
//	cout << "const_iterator:" << endl;
//	string::const_iterator it = s.begin();
//	while (it != s.end()) {
//		cout << *it << " ";
//		++it;
//	}
//	cout << endl;
//}


void test4() {
	//1.operator[]
	cout << "operator[]:" << endl;
	string s = "1234";
	for (int i = 0; i < s.size();i++) {
		cout << s[i] << " ";
	}
 	cout << endl;

  2.可读可写迭代器
	//cout << "iterator:" << endl;
	//string::iterator it = s.begin();
	//while (it != s.end()) {
	//	cout << *it << " ";
	//	*it = 'a';
	//	++it;
	//}
	//cout << endl;

	//cout << "iterator修改后:" << endl;
	//it = s.begin();
	//while (it != s.end()) {
	//	cout << *it << " ";

	//	++it;
	//}
	//cout << endl;

	//只读迭代器
	//cout << "const_iterator:" << endl;
	//string::const_iterator it = s.cbegin();
	//while (it != s.cend()) {
	//	cout << *it << " ";
	//	//*it = 'a';
	//	++it;
	//}
	//cout << endl;
	//PrintString(s);
	//反迭代器: 
	//rbegin:指向最后一个元素的位置 可读可写
	//rend:指向第一个元素的前一个位置 可读可写
	
	//cout << "reverse_iterator:" << endl;
	//string::reverse_iterator rit = s.rbegin();
	//while (rit != s.rend()) {
	//	cout << *rit << " ";
	//	//移动到前一个位置
	//	rit++;
	//}
	//cout << endl;
	//	//3.范围for
	//	//常见的范围for书写: 
	//	//1.只读的 for(const auto& ch:变量:需要遍历的容器)
	//	//2.可读可写  for(auto& ch:变量:需要遍历的容器)
	//
	//	//范围for底层实现: 通过迭代器实现
	//	cout << "范围for:" << endl;
	//	for (char ch:s) { //没有使用引用,其值在后面不能进行修改
	//		cout << ch << " ";
	//		ch = 'a';
	//	}
	//	cout << endl;
	//
	//	cout << "iterator:" << endl;
	//	string::iterator it = s.begin();
	//	while (it != s.end()) {
	//		cout << *it << " ";
	//		++it;
	//	}
	//	cout << endl;
	//
	//	cout << "范围for&:" << endl;
	//	for (char& ch : s) { //使用引用,其值在后面能修改
	//		//for (char& ch : s) { 可读可写
	//		//for (const auto& ch : s) 只读操作
	//		cout << ch << " ";
	//		ch = 'a';
	//	}
	//	cout << endl;
	//
	//	cout << "iterator:" << endl;
	//	it = s.begin();
	//	while (it != s.end()) {
	//		cout << *it << " ";
	//		*it = 'a';
	//		++it;
	//	}
	//	cout << endl;
	//
	//}


int main () {

	test4();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

增删查改

//operator+=时间复杂度O(1) (最常用)
//append()时间复杂度O(1)
//push_back() 时间复杂度O(1)
//assign(); 时间复杂度O(1)
//insert() 时间复杂度O(n) 非末位置进行插入删除 (尽量不用)
//erase(); 时间复杂度O(n) 非末位置进行插入删除 (尽量不用)
//pop_back() 时间复杂度O(1) (最常用)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;


void test6() {
	string s;
	s.push_back(1);
	s.push_back(2);
	s.push_back(3);
	s.push_back(4);
	s.push_back(5);
	
	string s2 = "abc";
	s.append(s2); //12345abc
	s.append(s2, 2, 1);//12345abcc
	s.append("xyz");//12345abcxyz
	s.append("opq", 2);  // 把"opq"中2个元素插入到s中 //12345abcxyzop
	s.append(3, '1'); //12345abcxyzop111
	s.append(s2.begin(), s2.end()); // 12345abcxyzop111abc

	char Arr[] = "6789";
	s.append(Arr + 1, Arr + 3);//12345abcxyzop111abc78
	//解引用的字符
}

int main () {
	test6();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

operator+= (根据官网接口实现)运算符重载函数 operator+=—>完成字符串的拼接

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

//string+=运算符重载函数:operator+=--->完成字符串的拼接
void test7() {
	string s;
	s += '1';
	s += "bc";
	string s2 = "678";
	s += s2;

}
	
int main () {

	test7();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

nsert: (根据官网接口实现)任意位置的插入

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test8() {
	string s1;
	string s2 = "123";
	s1.insert(0, s2);//123
	s1.insert(1, s2);//112323
	string s3 = "abc";
	s1.insert(2, s2, 1, 2);//11bc2323 从s1中下标为2的位置前面开始,插入s2中从下表1开始的2个元素
	s1.insert(4, "def");//11bcdef2323
	s1.insert(5, "ghi", 1); //11bcdgef2323
	s1.insert(9, 3, 'f');//11bcdgef2fff323
	s1.insert(s1.begin(), 2, '0');  //0011bcdgef2fff323
	s1.insert(s1.end(), 3, '4'); //0011bcdgef2fff323444
  s1.insert(s1.begin() + 1, 'a'); //0a011bcdgef2fff323444
}

int main () {
	test8();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

assign:进行赋值的操作,等价于operator

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test9() {
	string s1 = "abc";
	string s2 = "123";
	s1.assign(s2);
	s1.assign(s2, 1, 2);  //23  把s2中的下标从1开始的2个元素赋值给s1
	s1.assign("789");  // 789
	s1.assign("abcdefg", 5); // abcde
}
int main () {
	test9();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

erase

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test10() {
	string s = "123456789";
	s.pop_back();//12345678 执行尾删操作
	s.erase(0, 1);  // 2345678 从下标为0开始删除1个元素
	s.erase(3, 2);  // 23478   从下标为3开始删除2个元素
}
int main () {
test10();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

replace 替换接口

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test11(){
	string s1 = "123";

	string s2 = "abc";

	s1.replace(1, 1, s2); //1abc3
	cout << s1 << endl;

	s1.replace(1, 2, s2); //1abcc3 //从第一元素开始,替换掉s1中的两个字符,用s2来进行交换
	cout << s1 << endl;
}

int main () {
	test11();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

swap()

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test12() {

	string s1 = "123";
	string s2 = "ab";
	cout << "交换前:" << endl;
	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << s2 << endl;
	//成员函数
	cout << "成员函数中交换后:" << endl;

	s1.swap(s2);
	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << s2 << endl;
/* string 成员函数:
 void Swap(String& str) {
 swap(_ptr, str._ptr);
 }

 通用模板:
 template<class  T>
 void Swap(T& str1,T& str2) {
 T tmp = str1;
 str1 = str2;
 str2 = tmp;
 }
 string 非成员函数 :
 template<class T>
 void Swap(basic_string<T>& a, basic_string<T>& b) {
 a.swap(b);
 }*/
	//非成员函数
	cout << "非成员函数中交换后:" << endl;
	swap(s1, s2);
	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << s2 << endl;
	int a = 1;
	int b = 2;
	cout << "交换前:" << endl;
	cout << a << endl;
	cout << b << endl;

	cout << "交换后:" << endl;
	swap(a, b);
	cout << a << endl;
	cout << b << endl;

}

int main () {

	test12();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test13() {
	string s = "12345";
	cout << s << endl;
	cout << s.c_str() << endl;
	//c_str(): 返回值为const char*,不能通过返回的指针修改内容
	//const char* ptr = s.c_str();

}
int main () {

	test13();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

copy 了解 find rfind

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

substr: 查找一部分字符串进行截取出来
void test15() {
	string s = "https://www.bitedu.vip/login";
	size_t pos = s.find("://");
	if (pos != string::npos) {
		size_t pos2 = s.find("/",pos+3);
		if (pos2 != string::npos) {
			pos += 3;
			string sub = s.substr(pos,pos2 - pos);
			cout << sub << endl; //v.bitedu.vip
		}
	}
}

int main () {
	test15();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

compare

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test16() {
	//字符串比较规则: 从前向后,按照每一个字符的ASSCI码值进行比较
	int ret1 = strcmp("1", "12"); 
	int ret2 = strcmp("345", "92");
	cout << ret1 << endl;//-1
	cout << ret2 << endl;//-1

	//调用运算符重载函数进行比较
	string str1 = "1";
	string str2 = "12";
	string str3 = "345";
	string str4 = "92";
	int rit1 = str1 > str2;  //调用的是运算符重载函数
	int rit2 = str3 > str4;
	cout << rit1 << endl; //0 假
	cout << rit2 << endl; //0 假
}
int main() {


	test16();
	system("color A");
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

operator+(string)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test17() {
	string str1 = "123";
	string str2 = "abc";
	str1 += str2; //123abc 一般使用+=进行计算
	string rs1 = str1 + str2; //123abcabc
	
	//string str3 = "123";
	//string str4 = "abc";
	//string& rs2 = str3 + str4; //返回值需要拷贝,效率低
}

int main() {

	test17();
	system("color A");
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace  std;

void test18() {
	cin: 输入字符串,遇到空格结束.

	string s;
	cin >> s;
	operator>>(cin, s);
	cout << s << endl;
	getline: 
	getline(cin, s); //默认读取一行的内容,中间可以有空格,
	getline(输入流,string对象,指定读入结束的分隔符)
	getline(cin, s, ',');//读取中遇到,结束读取
}

int main () {
	test18();
    system("color A");
    system ("pause");
    return 0;
}

//最常用:
//迭代器: begin/end
//capacity:size,resize,capacity,reserve,clear, empty
//operator[]
//增删查该: operator+=/swap

//c_str,find,rfind,substr,

关系运算符:operator>>,operator<<,getline

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