二十一、绘图示例

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分类专栏： C++/Qt GUI Demo仓库文章标签： qt

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_45790916/article/details/140747418

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23 篇文章 1 订阅

订阅专栏

一、简介

二、示例代码

三、demo详解

1、画笔（QPen）和刷子（QBrush）分别有什么作用？

2、利用 QPainter 绘制图形 (Shape )

3、利用 QPainterPath 绘制简单图形

4、QComboBox::addItem

四、总结

一、简介

本实例介绍了各种形状的区分，以及画笔颜色、画笔线宽、画笔风格、画笔顶帽、画笔连接点、填充模式、铺展效果、画刷颜色和画刷风格设置等。

二、示例代码

mainwidget.h：

#ifndef MAINWIDGET_H
#define MAINWIDGET_H

#include <QWidget>
#include "paintarea.h"
#include <QLabel>
#include <QComboBox>
#include <QSpinBox>
#include <QPushButton>
#include <QGridLayout>
#include <QGradient>

class MainWidget : public QWidget
{
    Q_OBJECT
    
public:
    MainWidget(QWidget *parent = 0);
    ~MainWidget();
private:
    PaintArea *paintArea;

    QLabel *shapeLabel;
    QComboBox *shapeComboBox;
    QLabel *penWidthLabel;
    QSpinBox *penWidthSpinBox;
    QLabel *penColorLabel;
    QFrame *penColorFrame;
    QPushButton *penColorBtn;
    QLabel *penStyleLabel;
    QComboBox *penStyleComboBox;
    QLabel *penCapLabel;
    QComboBox *penCapComboBox;
    QLabel *penJoinLabel;
    QComboBox *penJoinComboBox;
    QLabel *fillRuleLabel;
    QComboBox *fillRuleComboBox;
    QLabel *spreadLabel;
    QComboBox *spreadComboBox;
    QGradient::Spread spread;
    QLabel *brushStyleLabel;
    QComboBox *brushStyleComboBox;
    QLabel *brushColorLabel;
    QFrame *brushColorFrame;
    QPushButton *brushColorBtn;

    QGridLayout *rightLayout;

protected slots:
    void ShowShape(int);
    void ShowPenWidth(int);
    void ShowPenColor();
    void ShowPenStyle(int);
    void ShowPenCap(int);
    void ShowPenJoin(int);
    void ShowSpreadStyle();
    void ShowFillRule();
    void ShowBrushColor();
    void ShowBrush(int);
};

#endif // MAINWIDGET_H

mainwidget.cpp：

#include "mainwidget.h"
#include <QColorDialog>
MainWidget::MainWidget(QWidget *parent)
    : QWidget(parent)
{
    paintArea =new PaintArea;

    shapeLabel =new QLabel(tr("形状："));            //形状选择下拉列表框
    shapeComboBox =new QComboBox;
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Line"),PaintArea::Line);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Rectangle"),PaintArea::Rectangle);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("RoundedRect"),PaintArea::RoundRect);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Ellipse"),PaintArea::Ellipse);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Polygon"),PaintArea::Polygon);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Polyline"),PaintArea::Polyline);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Points"),PaintArea::Points);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Arc"),PaintArea::Arc);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Path"),PaintArea::Path);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Text"),PaintArea::Text);
    shapeComboBox->addItem(tr("Pixmap"),PaintArea::Pixmap);
    connect(shapeComboBox,SIGNAL(activated(int)),this,SLOT(ShowShape (int)));

    penColorLabel =new QLabel(tr("画笔颜色："));     	//画笔颜色选择控件
    penColorFrame =new QFrame;
    penColorFrame->setFrameStyle(QFrame::Panel|QFrame::Sunken);
    penColorFrame->setAutoFillBackground(true);
    penColorFrame->setPalette(QPalette(Qt::blue));
    penColorBtn =new QPushButton(tr("更改"));
    connect(penColorBtn,SIGNAL(clicked()),this,SLOT(ShowPenColor()));

    penWidthLabel =new QLabel(tr("画笔线宽："));     	//画笔线宽选择控件
    penWidthSpinBox =new QSpinBox;
    penWidthSpinBox->setRange(0,20);
    connect(penWidthSpinBox,SIGNAL(valueChanged(int)),this,SLOT (ShowPenWidth(int)));

    penStyleLabel =new QLabel(tr("画笔风格："));     	//画笔风格选择下拉列表框
    penStyleComboBox =new QComboBox;
    penStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("SolidLine"),static_cast<int>(Qt::SolidLine));
    penStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("DashLine"),static_cast<int>(Qt::DashLine));
    penStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("DotLine"),static_cast<int>(Qt::DotLine));
    penStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("DashDotLine"),static_cast<int>(Qt::DashDotLine));
    penStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("DashDotDotLine"),static_cast<int>(Qt::DashDotDotLine));
    penStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("CustomDashLine"),static_cast<int>(Qt::CustomDashLine));
    connect(penStyleComboBox,SIGNAL(activated(int)),this,SLOT (ShowPenStyle(int)));

    penCapLabel =new QLabel(tr("画笔顶帽："));        //画笔顶端风格选择下拉列表框
    penCapComboBox =new QComboBox;
    penCapComboBox->addItem(tr("SquareCap"),Qt::SquareCap);
    penCapComboBox->addItem(tr("FlatCap"),Qt::FlatCap);
    penCapComboBox->addItem(tr("RoundCap"),Qt::RoundCap);
    connect(penCapComboBox,SIGNAL(activated(int)),this,SLOT(ShowPenCap (int)));

    penJoinLabel =new QLabel(tr("画笔连接点："));     //画笔连接点风格选择下拉列表框
    penJoinComboBox =new QComboBox;
    penJoinComboBox->addItem(tr("BevelJoin"),Qt::BevelJoin);
    penJoinComboBox->addItem(tr("MiterJoin"),Qt::MiterJoin);
    penJoinComboBox->addItem(tr("RoundJoin"),Qt::RoundJoin);
    connect(penJoinComboBox,SIGNAL(activated(int)),this,SLOT(ShowPenJoin (int)));

    fillRuleLabel =new QLabel(tr("填充模式："));    	//填充模式选择下拉列表框
    fillRuleComboBox =new QComboBox;
    fillRuleComboBox->addItem(tr("Odd Even"),Qt::OddEvenFill);
    fillRuleComboBox->addItem(tr("Winding"),Qt::WindingFill);
    connect(fillRuleComboBox,SIGNAL(activated(int)),this,SLOT (ShowFillRule()));

    spreadLabel =new QLabel(tr("铺展效果："));    	//铺展效果选择下拉列表框
    spreadComboBox =new QComboBox;
    spreadComboBox->addItem(tr("PadSpread"),QGradient::PadSpread);
    spreadComboBox->addItem(tr("RepeatSpread"),QGradient::RepeatSpread);
    spreadComboBox->addItem(tr("ReflectSpread"),QGradient:: ReflectSpread);
    connect(spreadComboBox,SIGNAL(activated(int)),this,SLOT (ShowSpreadStyle()));

    brushColorLabel =new QLabel(tr("画刷颜色："));   	//画刷颜色选择控件
    brushColorFrame =new QFrame;
    brushColorFrame->setFrameStyle(QFrame::Panel|QFrame::Sunken);
    brushColorFrame->setAutoFillBackground(true);
    brushColorFrame->setPalette(QPalette(Qt::green));
    brushColorBtn =new QPushButton(tr("更改"));
    connect(brushColorBtn,SIGNAL(clicked()),this,SLOT (ShowBrushColor()));

    brushStyleLabel =new QLabel(tr("画刷风格："));   	//画刷风格选择下拉列表框
    brushStyleComboBox =new QComboBox;
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("SolidPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::SolidPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("Dense1Pattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::Dense1Pattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("Dense2Pattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::Dense2Pattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("Dense3Pattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::Dense3Pattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("Dense4Pattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::Dense4Pattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("Dense5Pattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::Dense5Pattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("Dense6Pattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::Dense6Pattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("Dense7Pattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::Dense7Pattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("HorPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::HorPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("VerPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::VerPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("CrossPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::CrossPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("BDiagPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::BDiagPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("FDiagPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::FDiagPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("DiagCrossPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt:: DiagCrossPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("LinearGradientPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt:: LinearGradientPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("ConicalGradientPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt:: ConicalGradientPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("RadialGradientPattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt:: RadialGradientPattern));
    brushStyleComboBox->addItem(tr("TexturePattern"),static_cast<int>(Qt::TexturePattern));
    connect(brushStyleComboBox,SIGNAL(activated(int)),this,SLOT (ShowBrush(int)));

    rightLayout =new QGridLayout;                   //控制面板的布局
    rightLayout->addWidget(shapeLabel,0,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(shapeComboBox,0,1);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penColorLabel,1,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penColorFrame,1,1);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penColorBtn,1,2);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penWidthLabel,2,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penWidthSpinBox,2,1);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penStyleLabel,3,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penStyleComboBox,3,1);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penCapLabel,4,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penCapComboBox,4,1);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penJoinLabel,5,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(penJoinComboBox,5,1);
    rightLayout->addWidget(fillRuleLabel,6,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(fillRuleComboBox,6,1);
    rightLayout->addWidget(spreadLabel,7,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(spreadComboBox,7,1);
    rightLayout->addWidget(brushColorLabel,8,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(brushColorFrame,8,1);
    rightLayout->addWidget(brushColorBtn,8,2);
    rightLayout->addWidget(brushStyleLabel,9,0);
    rightLayout->addWidget(brushStyleComboBox,9,1);

    QHBoxLayout *mainLayout =new QHBoxLayout(this);   	//整体的布局
    mainLayout->addWidget(paintArea);
    mainLayout->addLayout(rightLayout);
    mainLayout->setStretchFactor(paintArea,1);
    mainLayout->setStretchFactor(rightLayout,0);

    ShowShape(shapeComboBox->currentIndex());     		//显示默认的图形
}

MainWidget::~MainWidget()
{
    
}

void MainWidget::ShowShape(int value)
{
    PaintArea::Shape shape = PaintArea::Shape(shapeComboBox->itemData(value,Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    paintArea->setShape(shape);
}

void MainWidget::ShowPenColor()
{
    QColor color = QColorDialog::getColor(static_cast<int>(Qt::blue));
    penColorFrame->setPalette(QPalette(color));
    int value = penWidthSpinBox->value();
    Qt::PenStyle style = Qt::PenStyle(penStyleComboBox->itemData(penStyleComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenCapStyle cap = Qt::PenCapStyle(penCapComboBox->itemData(penCapComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenJoinStyle join=Qt::PenJoinStyle(penJoinComboBox->itemData(penJoinComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());

    paintArea->setPen(QPen(color,value,style,cap,join));
}

void MainWidget::ShowPenWidth(int value)
{
    QColor color = penColorFrame->palette().color(QPalette::Window);
    Qt::PenStyle style = Qt::PenStyle(penStyleComboBox->itemData(penStyleComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenCapStyle cap = Qt::PenCapStyle(penCapComboBox->itemData(penCapComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenJoinStyle join=Qt::PenJoinStyle(penJoinComboBox->itemData(penJoinComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());

    paintArea->setPen(QPen(color,value,style,cap,join));
}

void MainWidget::ShowPenStyle(int styleValue)
{
    QColor color = penColorFrame->palette().color(QPalette::Window);
    int value = penWidthSpinBox->value();
    Qt::PenStyle style = Qt::PenStyle(penStyleComboBox->itemData(styleValue,Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenCapStyle cap = Qt::PenCapStyle(penCapComboBox->itemData(penCapComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenJoinStyle join=Qt::PenJoinStyle(penJoinComboBox->itemData(penJoinComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());

    paintArea->setPen(QPen(color,value,style,cap,join));
}

void MainWidget::ShowPenCap(int capValue)
{
    QColor color = penColorFrame->palette().color(QPalette::Window);
    int value = penWidthSpinBox->value();
    Qt::PenStyle style = Qt::PenStyle(penStyleComboBox->itemData(penStyleComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenCapStyle cap = Qt::PenCapStyle(penCapComboBox->itemData(capValue,Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenJoinStyle join=Qt::PenJoinStyle(penJoinComboBox->itemData(penJoinComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());

    paintArea->setPen(QPen(color,value,style,cap,join));
}

void MainWidget::ShowPenJoin(int joinValue)
{
    QColor color = penColorFrame->palette().color(QPalette::Window);
    int value = penWidthSpinBox->value();
    Qt::PenStyle style = Qt::PenStyle(penStyleComboBox->itemData(penStyleComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenCapStyle cap = Qt::PenCapStyle(penCapComboBox->itemData(penCapComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    Qt::PenJoinStyle join=Qt::PenJoinStyle(penJoinComboBox->itemData(joinValue,Qt::UserRole).toInt());

    paintArea->setPen(QPen(color,value,style,cap,join));
}

void MainWidget::ShowFillRule()
{
    Qt::FillRule rule = Qt::FillRule(fillRuleComboBox->itemData(fillRuleComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    paintArea->setFillRule(rule);
}

void MainWidget::ShowSpreadStyle()
{
    spread = QGradient::Spread(spreadComboBox->itemData(spreadComboBox->currentIndex(),Qt::UserRole).toInt());
}

void MainWidget::ShowBrushColor()
{
    QColor color = QColorDialog::getColor(static_cast<int>(Qt::blue));
    brushColorFrame->setPalette(QPalette(color));
    ShowBrush(brushStyleComboBox->currentIndex());
}

void MainWidget::ShowBrush(int value)
{
    QColor color = brushColorFrame->palette().color(QPalette::Window);
    Qt::BrushStyle style = Qt::BrushStyle(brushStyleComboBox->itemData(value,Qt::UserRole).toInt());
    if(style == Qt::LinearGradientPattern)
    {
        QLinearGradient linearGradient(0,0,400,400);
        linearGradient.setColorAt(0.0,Qt::white);
        linearGradient.setColorAt(0.2,color);
        linearGradient.setColorAt(1.0,Qt::black);
        linearGradient.setSpread(spread);
        paintArea->setBrush(linearGradient);
    }
    else if(style == Qt::RadialGradientPattern)
    {
        QRadialGradient radialGradient(200,200,150,150,100);
        radialGradient.setColorAt(0.0,Qt::white);
        radialGradient.setColorAt(0.2,color);
        radialGradient.setColorAt(1.0,Qt::black);
        radialGradient.setSpread(spread);
        paintArea->setBrush(radialGradient);
    }
    else if(style == Qt::ConicalGradientPattern)
    {
        QConicalGradient conicalGradient(200,200,30);
        conicalGradient.setColorAt(0.0,Qt::white);
        conicalGradient.setColorAt(0.2,color);
        conicalGradient.setColorAt(1.0,Qt::black);
        paintArea->setBrush(conicalGradient);
    }
    else if(style == Qt::TexturePattern)
    {
        paintArea->setBrush(QBrush(QPixmap("butterfly.png")));
    }
    else
    {
        paintArea->setBrush(QBrush(color,style));
    }
}

paintarea.h：

#ifndef PAINTAREA_H
#define PAINTAREA_H

#include <QWidget>
#include <QPen>
#include <QBrush>

class PaintArea : public QWidget
{
    Q_OBJECT
public:
    enum Shape{Line,Rectangle,RoundRect,Ellipse,Polygon,Polyline,Points,Arc,Path,Text,Pixmap};
    explicit PaintArea(QWidget *parent = 0);
    void setShape(Shape);
    void setPen(QPen);
    void setBrush(QBrush);
    void setFillRule(Qt::FillRule);
    void paintEvent(QPaintEvent *);
    
signals:
    
public slots:
private:
    Shape shape;
    QPen pen;
    QBrush brush;
    Qt::FillRule fillRule;
};

#endif // PAINTAREA_H

paintarea.cpp：

#include "paintarea.h"
#include <QPainter>
PaintArea::PaintArea(QWidget *parent) :
    QWidget(parent)
{
    setPalette(QPalette(Qt::white));
    setAutoFillBackground(true);
    setMinimumSize(400,400);
}

void PaintArea::setShape(Shape s)
{
    shape = s;
    update();
}
void PaintArea::setPen(QPen p)
{
    pen = p;
    update();
}
void PaintArea::setBrush(QBrush b)
{
    brush = b;
    update();
}
void PaintArea::setFillRule(Qt::FillRule rule)
{
    fillRule =rule;
    update();      					//重画绘制区窗体
}

void PaintArea::paintEvent(QPaintEvent *)
{
    QPainter p(this);
    p.setPen(pen);
    p.setBrush(brush);

    QRect rect(50,100,300,200);

    static const QPoint points[4]=
    {
        QPoint(150,100),
        QPoint(300,150),
        QPoint(350,250),
        QPoint(100,300)
    };
    int startAngle =30*16;
    int spanAngle =120*16;

    QPainterPath path;                                      //创建路径对象
    path.addRect(150,150,100,100);                          //添加矩形
    path.moveTo(100,100);                                   //路径的当前绘制位置移动到 (100, 100)。这不会绘制任何内容，但它设定了下一次绘制操作的起点。
    path.cubicTo(300,100,200,200,300,300);                  //绘制三次贝塞尔曲线
    path.cubicTo(100,300,200,200,100,100);
    path.setFillRule(fillRule);                             //设置填充规则

    switch(shape)
    {
        case Line:                                         	//直线
            p.drawLine(rect.topLeft(),rect.bottomRight()); 	break;
        case Rectangle:                                    	//长方形
            p.drawRect(rect);	break;
        case RoundRect:                                    	//圆角方形
            p.drawRoundRect(rect); 	break;
        case Ellipse:                                      	//椭圆形
            p.drawEllipse(rect); 	break;
        case Polygon:                                      	//多边形
            p.drawPolygon(points,4); 	break;
        case Polyline:                                      //多边线
            p.drawPolyline(points,4); 	break;
        case Points:                                      	//点
            p.drawPoints(points,4); 	break;
        case Arc:                                          	//弧
            p.drawArc(rect,startAngle,spanAngle);	 break;
        case Path:                                         	//路径
            p.drawPath(path); 	break;
        case Text:                                        	//文字
            p.drawText(rect,Qt::AlignCenter,tr("Hello Qt!"));	break;
        case Pixmap:                                      	//图片
            p.drawPixmap(150,150,QPixmap("butterfly.png")); 	break;
        default: 	break;
    }
}

main.cpp：

#include "mainwidget.h"
#include <QApplication>
#include <QFont>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication a(argc, argv);
    QFont f("ZYSong18030",12);
    a.setFont(f);
    MainWidget w;
    w.show();
    
    return a.exec();
}

三、demo详解

1、画笔（QPen）和刷子（QBrush）分别有什么作用？

a、画笔（QPen）：

作用：画笔主要用于绘制线条和轮廓。它控制线条的宽度、样式（实线、虚线等）以及颜色。
属性：
宽度：可以设置线条的宽度。
- 样式：可以设置线条的样式，如实线、虚线、点线等。
- 颜色：设置线条的颜色
- 端点样式：设置线条的端点样式，如圆头、方头等。
- 连接样式：设置线条连接的样式，如圆角、斜角等。

b、刷子（QBrush）：

作用：刷子主要用于填充图形的内部区域。它控制填充的颜色、图案或渐变效果。
属性：
- 颜色：可以设置填充的颜色。
- 图案：可以使用不同的图案来填充区域，如斜线、点阵等。
- 渐变：支持线性渐变、径向渐变等复杂的填充效果。

2、利用 QPainter 绘制图形 (Shape )

Qt 为开发者提供了丰富的绘制基本图形的 draw 函数：

QPainter类还提供了一个 drawPixmap()函数，可以直接将图片画到刻画控件上。

3、利用 QPainterPath 绘制简单图形

利用 QPainterPath 绘制简单图形，QPainterPath 类为 QPainter 类提供了一个存储容器，里面包含了所要绘制的内容的集合及绘制的顺序，如长方形、多边形、曲线等各种任意图形。当需要绘制此预先存储在 QPainterPath 对象中的内容时，只需调用QPainter 类的 drawPath()函数即可。

QPainterPath 类提供了许多函数接口，可以很方便地加入一些规则图形。例如，addRect()加入一个方形，addEllipse()加入一个椭圆形，addText()加入一个字符串，addPolygon()加入一个多边形等。同时, QPainterPath 类还提供了 addPath()函数，用于加入另一个QPainterPath 对象中保存的内容。

QPainterPath 对象的当前点自动处在上一部分图形内容的结束点上，若下一部分图形的起点不在此结束点，则需调用 moveTo()函数将当前点移动到下一部分图形的起点。

4、QComboBox::addItem

void QComboBox::addItem(const QString &atext, const QVariant &auserData)

const QString &atext: 这是要添加的项的显示文本，即下拉框中显示的文字。QString 是 Qt 的字符串类，atext 参数是传入的文本内容。

const QVariant &auserData: 这是与项相关联的用户数据。QVariant 是 Qt 提供的一个通用数据类型，可以存储各种类型的数据，如整数、浮点数、字符串等。如果不需要额外的数据，可以传递一个默认构造的 QVariant 对象。

#include <QComboBox>
#include <QVariant>
#include <QString>
#include <QDebug>

// 假设我们已经有一个 QComboBox 对象 comboBox
QComboBox *comboBox = new QComboBox;

// 添加一些项，其中包括用户数据
comboBox->addItem("Item 1", QVariant(123));
comboBox->addItem("Item 2");

// 获取第一项的用户数据（索引从0开始）
QVariant userData = comboBox->itemData(0);

// 打印出用户数据
qDebug() << "Item 1's user data:" << userData.toInt(); // 输出: 123

// 如果你尝试获取第二项的用户数据，但没有设置用户数据
QVariant userData2 = comboBox->itemData(1);
if (userData2.isValid()) {
    qDebug() << "Item 2's user data:" << userData2.toString(); // 输出为空
} else {
    qDebug() << "Item 2 has no user data."; // 输出: Item 2 has no user data.
}

关键点：

itemData(int index)：此方法返回指定索引项的 QVariant 数据。index 是要访问的项的索引，从 0 开始。
QVariant 对象可以包含各种类型的数据，可以通过 QVariant 提供的方法来获取具体的数据类型（如 toInt()、toString() 等）。