《Python编程从入门到实践》9

9.1 创建和使用类

9.1.1 创建dog类

class Dog():
	"""一次模拟小狗的简单尝试"""

	def __init__(self, name, age):
		"""初始化属性name,age"""
		self.name = name
		self.age = age

	def sit(self):
		"""模拟小狗搜狐到命令时蹲下"""
		print(f"{self.name} is now sitting.")

	def roll_over(self):
		"""模拟小狗收到命令时打滚"""
		print(f"{self.name} rolled over!")


my_dog = Dog('willie', 6)

print(f"My dog's name is {my_dog.name.title()}")
print(f"My dog is {my_dog.age} years old.")

类中的方法__init__(self, )极为重要，self是指向实例本身的引用。

9.1.2 根据类创建实例

访问属性：my_dog.name
调用方法：my_dog.sit()、my_dog.roll_over()
创建多个实例：my_dog = Dog(‘Willie’, 6)、your_dog = Dog(‘Lucy’, 3)

9.2 使用类和实例

9.2.1 Car类

class Car():
	"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""

	def __init__(self, make, model, year):
		"""初始化模拟汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year

	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = f"{self.year} {self.make}, {self.model}"
		return long_name.title()


my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2019)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

9.2.2 给属性指定默认值

class Car:
	"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""

	def __init__(self, make, model, year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0

	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
		return long_name

	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print(f"This car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it.")


my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2019)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.read_odometer()

9.2.3 修改属性的值

直接修改：

my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
my_new_car.read_odometer()

通过方法修改属性的值：

class Car:
	"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""

	def __init__(self, make, model, year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0

	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
		return long_name.title()

	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print(f"This car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it.")

	def update_odometer(self, mileage):
		"""将里程表读数设置为指定值"""
		if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
			self.odometer_reading = mileage
		else:
			print("You can't roll back an odometer!")


my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2019)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.update_odometer(-10)
my_new_car.read_odometer()

9.3 继承

9.3.1 子类的方法init()

父类Car的代码在上面已经给出

class ElectricCar(Car):
	"""电动汽车"""

	def __init__(self, make, model, year):
		"""初始化父类的属性"""
		super().__init__(make, model, year)


my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2019)
print('\n' + my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

9.3.2 给予类定义属性和方法

class ElectricCar(Car):
	"""电动汽车"""

	def __init__(self, make, model, year):
		"""初始化父类的属性"""
		super().__init__(make, model, year)
		# 设置初始值
		self.battery_size = 75

	def describe_battery(self):
		print(f"This car has a {self.battery_size} -kwh battery.")


my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.describe_battery()

9.3.3 重写父类的方法

在子类中定义与父类重名的方法，实例调用是会按照子类中的方法执行

9.3.4 将实例用作属性

此章后面部分还给出了导入模组中的类的方法，这里不进行解释说明。