《C程序设计语言（第2版）》练习2-1

练习2-1：

编写一个程序以确定分别由signed及unsigned限定的char、short、int与long类型变量的取值范围。采用打印标准头文件中的相应值 以及直接计算两种方式实现。后一种方法的实现较困难一些，因为要确定各种浮点类型的取值范围。

方法1：用<limits.h>头文件中的常量，直接包含头文件就行。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>

/* determine range of types*/
int main(void)
{
    //signed types
    printf("signed char min  =  %d\n", SCHAR_MIN);
    printf("signed char max  =  %d\n", SCHAR_MAX);
    printf("signed short min =  %d\n", SHRT_MIN);
    printf("signed short max =  %d\n", SHRT_MAX);
    printf("signed int min   =  %d\n", INT_MIN);
    printf("signed int max   =  %d\n", INT_MAX);
    printf("signed long min  =  %ld\n", LONG_MIN);
    printf("signed long max  =  %ld\n", LONG_MAX);

    printf("*************************************************************\n");

    //unsigned types
    printf("unsigned char max  =  %u\n", UCHAR_MAX);
    printf("unsigned short max =  %u\n", USHRT_MAX);
    printf("unsigned int max   =  %u\n", UINT_MAX);
    printf("unsigned long max  =  %lu\n", ULONG_MAX);

    return 0;
}
/*
signed char min  =  -128
signed char max  =  127
signed short min =  -32768
signed short max =  32767
signed int min   =  -2147483648
signed int max   =  2147483647
signed long min  =  -9223372036854775808
signed long max  =  9223372036854775807
*************************************************************
unsigned char max  =  255
unsigned char max  =  -1
unsigned short max =  65535
unsigned int max   =  4294967295
unsigned long max  =  18446744073709551615
*/

方法2：

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
    //signed types 
    printf("signed char min =  %d\n", -(char)((unsigned char) ~0 >> 1) - 1); //-127 - 1
    printf("signed char max =  %d\n", (char)((unsigned char) ~0 >> 1)); //127
    printf("signed short min =  %d\n", -(short)((unsigned short) ~0 >> 1) - 1); 
    printf("signed short max =  %d\n", (short)((unsigned short) ~0 >> 1)); 
    printf("signed int min =  %d\n", -(int)((unsigned int) ~0 >> 1) - 1); 
    printf("signed int max =  %d\n", (int)((unsigned int) ~0 >> 1)); 
    printf("signed long min =  %ld\n", -(long)((unsigned long) ~0 >> 1) - 1); 
    printf("signed long max =  %ld\n", (long)((unsigned long) ~0 >> 1)); 

    printf("*************************************************************\n");
    //unsigned types
    printf("unsigned char max  =  %u\n", (unsigned char) ~0);
    printf("unsigned short max =  %u\n", (unsigned short) ~0);
    printf("unsigned int max  =  %u\n", (unsigned int) ~0);
    printf("unsigned long max =  %lu\n", (unsigned long) ~0);
    

    return 0;
}
/*
signed char min  =  -128
signed char max  =  127
signed short min =  -32768
signed short max =  32767
signed int min   =  -2147483648
signed int max   =  2147483647
signed long min  =  -9223372036854775808
signed long max  =  9223372036854775807
*************************************************************
unsigned char max  =  255
unsigned char max  =  -1
unsigned short max =  65535
unsigned int max   =  4294967295
unsigned long max  =  18446744073709551615
*/

首先，无符号的最大值好求，n位的数，最大值就是$2^n-1$，用二进制就是11111……，n个1。0的原码是00000……n个0，将其取反即得到所有位都是1的最大值。

注意：

 printf("unsigned char max  =  %u\n", (unsigned char) ~0);
//unsigned char max  =  255

这里打印格式是%u，所以必然输出非负才正确。如果将unsigned char 改成char，取反后就是-1，计算机就会提升为int型，从而输出int型的最大值。

printf("unsigned char max  =  %u\n", (char) ~0); //与下面的输出-1效果一样
printf("unsigned char max  =  %u\n", -1);
//unsigned char max  =  4294967295
//unsigned char max  =  4294967295

再者~取反符号的位置不要搞错了。

printf("unsigned char max  =  %d\n", (unsigned char) ~0);
printf("unsigned char max  =  %d\n", ~(unsigned char) 0);
printf("unsigned char max  =  %u\n", ~(unsigned char) 0); //必然为非负数，提升为int
printf("unsigned char max  =  %u\n", -1);
//unsigned char max  =  255
//unsigned char max  =  -1
//unsigned char max  =  4294967295
//unsigned char max  =  4294967295

所以需要强制转换后再参与格式化输出，以限定它打印时不被自动转换。

然后，输出无符号的范围

printf("signed char max =  %d\n", (char)((unsigned char) ~0 >> 1)); //127

<<左移运算符，左移运算符会在右边空出的位置填补0。左移n位等价于该数乘$2^n$。

>>右移运算符，在对unsigned char（无符号）值进行右移时会在左边空出的位置填0。如果是有符号(char)，有些机器会用1填补左边空出的位置(算术移位)，有些机器会用0(逻辑移位)。

对于以二进制补码存放的机器而言，有符数的最最大值的二进制表示为最高位为0，后面全是1，01111……。
对于补码，可以看这篇：补码

1. ~0 对0取反，得到所有二进制位全部为1
2. (unsigned char) ~0，转化为无符号型，因为右移有符号数结果是不确定的。

printf("signed char max =  %d\n", (char)(~0 >> 1)); //-1 0先被提升int，然后我的机器最左边补1
printf("signed char max =  %d\n", (char)(~0)); //-1
printf("signed char max =  %d\n", (char)((unsigned char) ~0 << 1)); //-2 左移最右边补0
printf("signed char max =  %d\n", (char)(~0 << 1)); //-2

3. (unsigned char) ~0 >>1，右移一位最左边空出的一位填0，得到想到的效果。

4. (char)((unsigned char) ~0 >>1)，因为是求有符号数，再转回去

有符号数最小值:

$$Min(char)=-Max(char)-1$$

通过此式有：

printf("signed char min =  %d\n", -(char)((unsigned char) ~0 >> 1) - 1); //-127 - 1