【考研英语语法】if 的高级用法

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已于 2022-11-12 11:38:47 修改

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本文详细讲解了英语中各种条件句的用法，包括unless、incase、ifonly/Iwish等特殊句型，以及It’stime/wouldrather等表达方式，并探讨了虚拟语气的使用和倒装结构。

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0. if 的高级用法练习题

unless = if … not … / except if …
- You can’t come in unless you have a ticket. = You can’t come in if you don’t have a ticket. = You can’t come in except if you have a ticket.
- Unless I’m very tired, I go to bed about midnight. = Except if I’m very tired, I go to bed about midnight. = If I am not very tired, I go to bed about midnight.

用来探讨 “警惕”，in case 后需要使用现在时表将来。
- I wrote down her address in case I forget it. 我写下来，防止我忘掉它
- I’ve bought a chicken in case your mother stays to lunch.
in case … should … ：用 should 表示偶然性，不翻译为应该，而是万一，在表达过去的句子中，更为常见
- I’ve bought a chiken in case your mother should stay to lunch. 我先买一只鸡，万一你妈妈中午留在这里呢
- I wrote down her address in case I should forget it. 我先记下来，万一我忘了

in case 与 if 的区别

利用两个例句说明区别：（两句均遵循主将从现）
- I’ll buy a bottle of wine in case Roger comes. 这里表示我先买了，防止 Roger 来，in case 以免，万一来
- I’ll buy a bottle of wine if Roger comes 这里表示我还没买， Roger 来了我再买，if 是条件，条件先发生后再做
两者区别是事件发生的顺序不同，in case 中主干事件先发生，if 句中主干之间后发生

用于表达“后悔，遗憾”
I wish 通常是事与愿违，不可能发生的情况，虚拟语气的情况，用过去式表对现在的遗憾，用过去完成时，表达对过去的遗憾。
- If only I knew more people.
- I wish I was better looking. 这里的 was 是虚拟语气，用过去表现在
其后使用 would 的用法：想要人或者事情按照自己的意愿去发展，此时的语气往往表达出一种不满 / 烦恼，让人听起来会有点“批评”的语气。
- I wish this damned car would start.
- If only it would stop raining.
总结：
- ① 过去式表现在： 表达对现在的遗憾
- ② would： 表达出一种不满 / 烦恼
- ③ 过去完成时： 表达对过去的遗憾
  - I wish I hadn’t said that
  - If only she hadn’t told the police, everything would be all right.

It’s time to do … （+ 句子用过去式）
- It’s time to go out. 是时候我们要出门了
would rather do… = would prefer do … （+ 句子用过去式）
would rather / prefer sb to do …
- I’d rather stay in. 宁愿待在家里
若其后加上句子，则句中谓语动词需要使用过去式，表达现在或将来
- It’s time I had a haircut. 是时候剪头发了
- I’d rather they came tomorrow, not today. 我宁愿他们明天去，不是今天

① 在礼貌请求中，if 条件句后可以用 will
- If you will follow me, I’ll show you to the waiting room. 如果你跟着我的话，我就给你展现一下等候室
- If you would just wait here for a moment, I’ll see if she’s free. will 变为 would 后会更加委婉，你在这稍微等一下，我去看下她有没有时间。
② 可以表示 “结果” = if this will happen as a result.
- We can come tomorrow evening instead if it will make things easier. 如果能过变得更好的处理的话，我就明天再来，也是表示一种结果
- I’ll give up smoking if it will make you happy.如果能够让你开心的话，我就戒烟，表示一种结果
- I’ll feel better if I will give up smoking. 这句话不对，要么表示委婉请求，要么表示结果，而 if 前面表示结果了，I’ll give up smoking if I will feel better. 这样才是对的。
③ 间接引语中 if 后可以用 will，注意此时 if 的含义为 “是否”
- I don’t know if Jack will be home for supper.

等价于：（表示没有 …, 就 … 了）
- without … (this fact things), … would be
- have been different.
- But for …
- 使用这个句型只能根据后面的句子判断是对过去还是现在的虚拟
例句：
- If it hadn’t been for your help, I would have been in trouble. 如果当初没有你的帮助，我可能就有大麻烦了，对过去的虚拟
- It is wasn’t for your help, I would be in trouble. 用 weren’t 更加正式，是对现在的虚拟 = Without your help, I would be in trouble. = But for …
- If it had not been for Tom, it difficult to know what they would have done. 如果不是 Tom, 就会非常困难知道他们在做什么
- Without Tom, it difficult to know what they would have done. = But for …

状语从句的省略：主语 + be (此结构为主从主语皆相同，省略从句的主语和 be 动词，通常为引导词 + 分词的形式)
引导词 + 主语 + be + 形容词：可以省略主语 + be 动词
- if necessary / if any / if anything / if ever / if possible / if in doubt

在书面语或非常正式的语气中，才会使用虚拟语气的倒装。在现代英语中不常见，前提：if 条件句出现 had / were / should 时，可对从句进行倒装
步骤:
- 1.去掉 if
- 2.提前 had / were / should 等标志词
If I had realized the situation, I would have informed the police.
Had I realized the situation, I would have informed the police.
在虚拟语气的倒装中，只能用 were，不能用 was
If she were my daughter, I would insist that she behave properly.
Were she my daughter, I would insist that she behave properly.
对将来的虚拟：were to do / should do
If anyone should object, they must be told to put their complaint in writing.
Should anyone object, they must be told to put their complaint in writing.