1. TCP和UDP的区别
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol,传输控制协议)
UDP(User Datagram Protocol,用户数据报协议)
1.1 连接方式
- TCP 是面向连接的协议,它在数据传输前需要通过三次握手建立一个可靠的连接,确保双方都准备好进行通信,并维护连接状态直到连接被明确关闭(四次挥手)。
- UDP 是无连接的协议,它不建立正式的连接就可以直接发送数据包。发送端和接收端之间没有事先的握手过程,每个数据报都是独立发送的。
1.2 可靠性
- TCP 提供可靠的数据传输服务,确保数据包按序、无损地到达接收端。它通过序列号、确认应答、错误检测、重传机制和流量控制来保证数据的可靠性和顺序。
- UDP 不提供这些保障,数据包可能丢失、重复或乱序到达,适用于对实时性要求高于数据完整性的应用。
1.3 速度与效率
- TCP 因其额外的控制信息和确认过程,相比UDP来说,传输效率较低,但提供了更高的可靠性。
- UDP 由于其简单、无连接的特性,传输速度快,延迟低,适合实时应用。
1.4 数据包处理
- TCP 将数据视为字节流,可以拆分和重组数据包,适合传输大量或连续的数据。
- UDP 保留了数据报的边界,作为独立的数据单元传输,适合一次性传输小块或具有明确界限的数据。
1.5 应用场景
- TCP 适用于需要高度可靠传输的应用,如Web浏览、电子邮件、文件传输(FTP)等。
- UDP 适用于实时性要求高、可以容忍一定数据丢失的应用,如在线游戏、语音通话、视频流、DNS查询等。
1.6 资源消耗与复杂性
- TCP 需要更多的系统资源来维护连接状态和执行复杂的错误恢复机制。
- UDP 相对轻量,对系统资源的需求较少,程序实现也更为简单
2. TCP接口函数
2.1 socket
socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
2.2 connect
int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr,
socklen_t addrlen);
功能:
向接收端发送三次握手链接请求
参数:
sockfd:文件描述符
addr:接收方地址空间首地址
addrlen:接收方地址的大小
返回值:
成功返回0
失败返回-1
2.3 send (发的太块会阻塞)
ssize_t send(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
功能:
发送数据
参数:
sockfd:文件描述符
buf:存放数据空间首地址
len:发送数据长度
flags:属性 默认为0
返回值:
成功返回发送字节数
失败返回-1
2.4 recv
ssize_t recv(int sockfd, void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
功能:
接收数据
参数:
sockfd:文件描述符
buf:存放数据空间首地址
len:最多接收数据大小
flags:属性 默认为0
返回值:
成功返回实际接收字节数
失败返回-1
对方关闭套接字返回0
2.5 listen
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
功能:
监听链接请求
参数:
sockfd:文件描述符
backlog:允许最多等待链接的个数
返回值:
成功返回0
失败返回-1
2.6 accept(返回通信套接字)
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
功能:
处理等待队列中第一个链接
参数:
sockfd:文件描述符
addr:存放链接对方地址信息空间首地址
addrlen:想要接收地址大小变量空间首地址
返回值:
成功返回与发送端建立的新文件描述符(通信套接字)
失败返回-1
2.7 inet_addr
in_addr_t inet_addr(const char *cp);
功能:
将字符串IP地址转换为二进制IP地址
参数:
cp:字符串IP地址空间首地址
返回值:
成功返回二进制IP地址
2.8 htons
uint16_t htons(uint16_t hostshort);
功能:
将本地字节序(小端)转换为网络字节序(大端)
参数:
hostshort:本地端口号
返回值:
返回网络字节序端口号
uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t netshort);
功能:
将网络字节序(大端)转换为本地字节序(小端)
2.9 bind
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr,
socklen_t addrlen);
功能:
将套接字与IP地址端口绑定在一起
参数:
sockfd:文件描述符
addr:结构体空间首地址
addrlen:信息的长度
返回值:
成功返回0
失败返回-1
2.10 示例程序
(1)TCP单向通信
1. 头文件
#ifndef _HEAD_H_
#define _HEAD_H_
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#endif
2. makefile
all:send recv
send:send.c
gcc $^ -o $@
recv:recv.c
gcc $^ -o $@
3. recv.c
#include "head.h"
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int confd = 0;
int listfd = 0;
int ret_connect = 0;
int ret_bind = 0;
int ret_listen = 0;
struct sockaddr_in recvaddr;
struct sockaddr_in sendaddr;
socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(sendaddr);
ssize_t ret_send = 0;
ssize_t ret_recv = 0;
listfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (-1 == listfd)
{
perror("socket error!\n");
return -1;
}
bzero(&recvaddr,sizeof(recvaddr));
bzero(&sendaddr,sizeof(sendaddr));
recvaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
recvaddr.sin_port = htons(50000);
recvaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.168.0.109");
ret_bind = bind(listfd, (struct sockaddr *)&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
if (-1 == ret_bind)
{
perror("bind error!\n");
return -1;
}
ret_listen = listen(listfd, 3);
if (-1 == ret_listen)
{
perror("listen error!\n");
return -1;
}
confd = accept(listfd, (struct sockaddr *)&sendaddr, &addrlen);
if (-1 == confd)
{
perror("accept error!\n");
return -1;
}
while (1)
{
char buf[256] = {0};
ret_recv = recv(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
if (ret_recv <= 0)
{
break;
}
time_t tm;
time(&tm);
sprintf(buf, "%s %s", buf, ctime(&tm));
ret_send = send(confd, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
if (-1 == ret_send)
{
perror("send error!\n");
return -1;
}
}
close(confd);
close(listfd);
return 0;
}
4. send.c
#include "head.h"
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int confd = 0;
int ret_connect = 0;
struct sockaddr_in recvaddr;
socklen_t addrlen = 0;
ssize_t ret_send = 0;
ssize_t ret_recv = 0;
confd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (-1 == confd)
{
perror("socket error!\n");
return -1;
}
bzero(&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
recvaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
recvaddr.sin_port = htons(50000);
recvaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.168.0.109");
ret_connect = connect(confd, (struct sockaddr *)&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
if (-1 == ret_connect)
{
perror("connect error!\n");
return -1;
}
while (1)
{
char buf[256] = {"supercarrydoinb"};
ret_send = send(confd, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
if (-1 == ret_connect)
{
perror("send error!\n");
return -1;
}
ret_recv = recv(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
if (ret_recv <= 0)
{
break;
}
printf("%s", buf);
sleep(1);
}
close(confd);
return 0;
}
(2) TCP实现多线程双机聊天(chat)——注意:!!线程编译gcc要加后缀 -lpthread
1. 头文件
#ifndef _HEAD_H_
#define _HEAD_H_
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#endif
2. makefile
all:send recv
send:send.c
gcc $^ -o $@ -lpthread
recv:recv.c
gcc $^ -o $@ -lpthread
3. send.c
#include "head.h"
struct sockaddr_in sendaddr;
struct sockaddr_in recvaddr;
void *th1(void *arg)
{
int confd = *(int *)arg;
ssize_t ret_recv = 0;
while (1)
{
char buf[256] = {0};
ret_recv = recv(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
if (-1 == ret_recv)
{
perror("recv error!\n");
}
printf("from recv: %s\n", buf);
}
}
void *th2(void *arg)
{
int confd = *(int *)arg;
ssize_t ret_send = 0;
while (1)
{
printf("to recv:");
char buf[256] = {0};
fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin);
buf[strlen(buf)-1] = '\0';
ret_send= send(confd, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
if (-1 == ret_send)
{
perror("send error!\n");
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int confd = 0;
int ret_connect = 0;
socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(sendaddr);
ssize_t ret_recv = 0;
ssize_t ret_send = 0;
pthread_t tid1;
pthread_t tid2;
char buf[256] = {0};
confd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (-1 == confd)
{
perror("socket error!\n");
return -1;
}
bzero(&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
bzero(&sendaddr, sizeof(sendaddr));
recvaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
recvaddr.sin_port = htons(50000);
recvaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.168.0.109");
ret_connect = connect(confd, (struct sockaddr *)&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
if (-1 == ret_connect)
{
perror("connect error!\n");
return -1;
}
#if 0
ret_recv = recv(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
if (-1 == ret_recv)
{
perror("recv error!\n");
return -1;
}
#endif
pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, th1, &confd);
pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, th2, &confd);
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
return 0;
}
4. recv.c
#include "head.h"
struct sockaddr_in sendaddr;
struct sockaddr_in recvaddr;
void *th1(void *arg)
{
int confd = *(int *)arg;
ssize_t ret_recv = 0;
while (1)
{
char buf[256] = {0};
ret_recv = recv(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
if (-1 == ret_recv)
{
perror("recv error!\n");
}
printf("from send: %s\n", buf);
}
}
void *th2(void *arg)
{
int confd = *(int *)arg;
ssize_t ret_send = 0;
while (1)
{
printf("to send:");
char buf[256] = {0};
fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin);
buf[strlen(buf)-1] = '\0';
ret_send = send(confd, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
if (-1 == ret_send)
{
perror("send error!\n");
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int listfd = 0;
int confd = 0;
int ret_bind = 0;
int ret_listen = 0;
socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(sendaddr);
ssize_t ret_recv = 0;
ssize_t ret_send = 0;
pthread_t tid1;
pthread_t tid2;
char buf[256] = {0};
listfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (-1 == listfd)
{
perror("socket error!\n");
return -1;
}
bzero(&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
bzero(&sendaddr, sizeof(sendaddr));
recvaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
recvaddr.sin_port = htons(50000);
recvaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.168.0.109");
ret_bind = bind(listfd, (struct sockaddr *)&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
if (-1 == ret_bind)
{
perror("bind error!\n");
return -1;
}
ret_listen = listen(listfd, 3);
if (-1 == ret_listen)
{
perror("listen error!\n");
return -1;
}
confd = accept(listfd, (struct sockaddr *)&sendaddr, &addrlen);
if (-1 == confd)
{
perror("accept error!\n");
return -1;
}
#if 0
ret_recv = recv(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
if (-1 == ret_recv)
{
perror("recv error!\n");
return -1;
}
#endif
pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, th1, &confd);
pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, th2, &confd);
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
return 0;
}
(3) TCP实现文件的传输(结构体)
1. 头文件
#ifndef _HEAD_H_
#define _HEAD_H_
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#endif
2. makefile
all:send recv
send:send.c
gcc $^ -o $@ -lpthread
recv:recv.c
gcc $^ -o $@ -lpthread
3. send.c
#include "head.h"
typedef struct
{
char buf[1024];
char filename[32];
int rd_ret;
int total;
}MSG;
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int ret_connect = 0;
int ret_stat = 0;
int confd = 0;
int openfd = 0;
ssize_t ret_recv = 0;
ssize_t ret_send = 0;
struct sockaddr_in recvaddr;
MSG msg;
struct stat st;
confd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (-1 == confd)
{
perror("socket error!\n");
return -1;
}
bzero(&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
bzero(&msg, sizeof(msg));
recvaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
recvaddr.sin_port = htons(50000);
recvaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.168.0.109");
ret_connect = connect(confd, (struct sockaddr *)&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
if (-1 == ret_connect)
{
perror("connetc error!\n");
return -1;
}
openfd = open("./1.png", O_RDONLY);
if (-1 == openfd)
{
perror("open error!\n");
return -1;
}
strcpy(msg.filename, "2.png");
ret_stat = stat("./1.png", &st);
if (-1 == ret_stat)
{
perror("stat error!\n");
return -1;
}
msg.total = st.st_size;
while (1)
{
bzero(msg.buf, sizeof(msg.buf));
msg.rd_ret = read(openfd, msg.buf, sizeof(msg.buf));
send(confd, &msg, sizeof(msg), 0);
if (msg.rd_ret <= 0)
{
break;
}
char buf[256] = {0};
ret_recv = recv(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
if (ret_recv <= 0)
{
break;
}
usleep(1000 * 200);
}
close(confd);
close(openfd);
return 0;
}
4. recv.c
#include "head.h"
typedef struct
{
char buf[1024];
char filename[32];
int rd_ret;
int total;
}MSG;
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int listfd = 0;
int ret_bind = 0;
int ret_listen = 0;
int confd = 0;
ssize_t ret_recv = 0;
ssize_t ret_send = 0;
struct sockaddr_in recvaddr;
struct sockaddr_in sendaddr;
socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(sendaddr);
MSG msg;
listfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (-1 == listfd)
{
perror("socket error!\n");
return -1;
}
bzero(&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
bzero(&sendaddr, sizeof(sendaddr));
bzero(&msg, sizeof(msg));
recvaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
recvaddr.sin_port = htons(50000);
recvaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.168.0.109");
ret_bind = bind(listfd, (struct sockaddr *)&recvaddr, sizeof(recvaddr));
if (-1 == ret_bind)
{
perror("bind error!\n");
return -1;
}
ret_listen = listen(listfd, 3);
if (-1 == ret_listen)
{
perror("listen error!\n");
return -1;
}
confd = accept(listfd, (struct sockaddr *)&sendaddr, &addrlen);
if (-1 == confd)
{
perror("accept error!\n");
return -1;
}
int openfd = 0;
int flag = 0;
int total = 0;
int current_size = 0;
while (1)
{
ret_recv = recv(confd, &msg, sizeof(msg), 0);
if (ret_recv <= 0)
{
break;
}
if (0 == msg.rd_ret)
{
printf("file upload end\n");
return -1;
}
if (0 == flag)//拿到文件总大小
{
openfd = open(msg.filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0666);
if (-1 == openfd)
{
perror("open error!\n");
return -1;
}
flag = 1;
total = msg.total;
}
write(openfd, msg.buf, msg.rd_ret);
current_size += msg.rd_ret;
printf("%d / %d\n", current_size, total);
char buf[256] = "go on";
send(confd, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
}
close(confd);
close(openfd);
close(listfd);
return 0;
}