雅思练习总结（五）

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雅思练习总结（五）

本文章是雅思练习总结（五），总结了文章《The Return of Artificial Intelligence》，内容包括原文精翻，文章脉络总结，单词扩展学习3个部分

1 文章原文及翻译

The Return of Artificial Intelligence

翻译：人工智能的回归

It is becoming acceptable again to talk of computers performing human tasks such as problem-solving and pattern-recognition

翻译：再次谈论计算机执行诸如解决问题和模式识别等人类任务的时机已经成熟

A
After years in the wilderness, the term ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) seems poised to make a comeback. AI was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s. It re-entered public consciousness with the release of AI, a movie about a robot boy. This has ignited public debate about AI, but the term is also being used once more within the computer industry. Researchers, executives and marketing people are now using the expression without irony or inverted commas. And it is not always hype. The term is being applied, with some justification, to products that depend on technology that was originally developed by AI researchers. Admittedly, the rehabilitation of the term has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that AI has moved on from being seen as an over-ambitious and under-achieving field of research.

翻译：经过多年的沉寂后，“人工智能”一词似乎即将卷土重来。人工智能概念在 20 世纪 80 年代风靡一时，但在 90 年代销声匿迹。如今，随着一部关于机器人男孩的电影《人工智能》的上映，人工智能再次进入公众视野。这虽然引发了公众对人工智能的争论，但也使得该术语再次在计算机行业内被使用。现在，研究人员、高管和营销人员使用人工智能这个术语时，已经没有了讽刺或“所谓的”这种引号。人工智能这个概念也并不总是炒作。该术语被应用于依赖人工智能研究人员最初开发的技术的产品，是合理的。但不可否认的是的，为人工智能正名道阻且长，而部分公司仍然倾向于避免使用它。但其他公司开始再次使用人工智能这一词汇的事实表明，人工智能已非被视为一个夸夸其谈大于实际成果的研究领域。

B
The field was launched, and the term ‘artificial intelligence’ coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field. The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human abilities using machines. That said, different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways; AI unified the field in name only. But it was a term that captured the public imagination.

翻译：1956 年，研究人员们在一次会议上开创了人工智能领域，并创造了“人工智能”这个词汇。这些研究人员包括马文·明斯基、约翰·麦卡锡、赫伯特·西蒙和艾伦·纽厄尔，他们是后来人工智能领域的领军人物。人工智能是涵盖运筹学、控制论、逻辑和计算机科学等以前分散领域研究项目的一个有吸引力且信息丰富的总称。这些领域的共同目标是尝试使用机器捕捉或模仿人类的能力。尽管如此，不同的研究人员小组以不同的方式攻克了从语音识别到下棋等不同的问题；人工智能只是名义上统一了该领域。但这个术语可以说让人们浮想联翩。

C
Most researchers agree that AI peaked around 1985. A public reared on science-fiction movies and excited by the growing power of computers had high expectations. For years, AI researchers had implied that a breakthrough was just around the corner. Marvin Minsky said in 1967 that within a generation the problem of creating ‘artificial intelligence’ would be substantially solved. Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs and speech recognition software appeared to be making progress. It proved to be a false dawn. Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialise, and a backlash ensued. ‘There was undue optimism in the early 1980s,’ says David Leake, a researcher at Indiana University. ‘Then when people realised these were hard problems, there was retrenchment. By the late 1980s, the term AI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.’

翻译：大多数研究人员都认为，人工智能是在 1985 年前后达到顶峰的。那一时期，公众在科幻电影的熏陶下长大，对计算机日益强大的能力感到兴奋，也对人工智能抱有很高的期望。此外，人工智能研究人员每年都在表示，重大突破就在眼前（朴素来说，大的要来了）。马文·明斯基 (Marvin Minsky) 在 1967 年表示，我们这一代人就可以实质性解决创造“人工智能”的问题。那时，医疗诊断程序和语音识别软件的原型似乎正在取得进展。但后来的事实证明，这份黎明的曙光，是虚假的。有思维的计算机和家用机器人都宣告失败后，对人工智能的舆论反扑也接踵而至。印第安纳大学研究员戴维·利克 (David Leake) 说：“20 世纪 80 年代初，人们对人工智能的前景过于乐观。后来，当人们意识到问题的难度时，便纷纷退缩了。到 20 世纪 80 年代末，许多研究人员都避免使用人工智能这个术语，而是选择将自己与神经网络、代理技术、基于案例的推理等特定子学科联系起来。”

D
Ironically, in some ways AI was a victim of its own success. Whenever an apparently mundane problem was solved, such as building a system that could land an aircraft unattended, the problem was deemed not to have been AI in the first place. ‘If it works, it can’t be AI,’ as Dr Leake characterises it. The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that AI came to refer to ‘blue-sky’ research that was still years away from commercialisation. Researchers joked that AI stood for ‘almost implemented’. Meanwhile, the technologies that made it onto the market, such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-support software, were no longer regarded as AI. Yet all three once fell well within the umbrella of AI research.

翻译：讽刺的是，从某种程度上来说，人工智能是成也舆论，败也舆论。当人工智能被视为骗局的时期，当一个看似简单的问题得到解决，比如建立一个可以无人值守降落飞机的系统，这个问题就被认为根本不是人工智能。“如果它有效，它就不可能是人工智能（这里应该是说，人们已经完全不信任人工智能了，觉得它就是骗局，所以任何成功的东西就不能是人工智能）”，利克博士这样描述。这种不断在当前成功基础上拔高目标的结果就是，人工智能被视为，距离商业化有数年距离的，无实际价值的研究。研究人员开玩笑说，AI代表的不是人工智能，而是“即将实现”。与此同时，语音识别、语言翻译和决策支持软件这些曾经都属于人工智能研究的范畴而已经进入市场的技术，都不再被视为人工智能。

E
But the tide may now be turning, according to Dr Leake. HNC Software of San Diego, backed by a government agency, reckon that their new approach to artificial intelligence is the most powerful and promising approach ever discovered. HNC claim that their system, based on a cluster of 30 processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield or extract a voice signal from a noisy background - tasks humans can do well, but computers cannot. ‘Whether or not their technology lives up to the claims made for it, the fact that HNC are emphasising the use of AI is itself an interesting development,’ says Dr Leake.

翻译：但利克博士表示，形势可能正在反转。圣地亚哥的 HNC 软件公司在政府机构的支持下，认为他们的新式人工智能方法是迄今为止发现的最强大、最有前途的方法。HNC 声称，他们的系统基于 30 个处理器集群，可用于在战场上发现伪装车辆或从嘈杂的背景中提取语音信号 - 这些任务原本是人类可以很好地完成，但计算机却做不到的。利克博士说：“无论 HNC 是否夸大了他们的技术效果，他们强调使用人工智能概念这一事实本身就是一个有趣的发展。”

F
Another factor that may boost the prospects for AI in the near future is that investors are now looking for firms using clever technology, rather than just a clever business model, to differentiate themselves. In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categorise information - classic AI problems. That may mean that more artificial intelligence companies will start to emerge to meet this challenge.

翻译：另一个可能在不久的将来提升人工智能前景的因素是，投资者更倾向于使用精巧技术而不是仅仅使用巧妙商业模式的公司。特别是，由于电子邮件的增长和网页数量的激增而加剧的信息过载问题，意味着新技术有大量机会帮助过滤和分类信息 - 这是一个经典的人工智能问题。这可能意味着更多的人工智能公司将开始出现以应对这一挑战。

G
The 1969 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL 9000. As well as understanding and speaking English, HAL could play chess and even learned to lipread. HAL thus encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by 2001. But 2001 has been and gone, and there is still no sign of a HAL-like computer. Individual systems can play chess or transcribe speech, but a general theory of machine intelligence still remains elusive. It may be, however, that the comparison with HAL no longer seems quite so important, and AI can now be judged by what it can do, rather than by how well it matches up to a 30-year-old science-fiction film. ‘People are beginning to realise that there are impressive things that these systems can do,’ says Dr Leake hopefully.

翻译：1969 年的电影《2001：太空漫游》介绍了一台名为 HAL 9000 的智能计算机。HAL 不仅能听懂和说英语，还能下国际象棋，甚至学会了读唇语。它体现了 20 世纪 60 年代的人们对人工智能的乐观情绪：到 2001 年，智能计算机将得到广泛普及。但现在， 2001 年已经过去，类似于 HAL 的计算机还没影儿呢。单个系统可以进行下国际象棋或转录语音的操作，但机器智能的一般理论仍然难以捉摸。因此，将当代计算机与 HAL 进行比较可能不再那么重要，心在的人工智能主要是根据它能做多少事儿来进行评估，而不是将它与 30 年前的科幻电影的匹配程度来评估其发展程度。“人们开始意识到，这些系统也可以做到令人印象深刻的事情，”Leake 博士满怀希望地说。