RAID制作与管理

服务器制作RAID磁盘阵列并管理

mdadm管理RAID阵列的参数

参数			作用
-a			检测设备名称
-n			指定设备数量
-l			指定RAID级别
-C			创建
-v			显示过程
-f			模拟设备损坏
-r			移除设备
-a			添加设备
-Q			查看摘要信息
-D			查看详细信息
-S			停止阵列

【 案例实施 】

1. 创建raid
1.1 创建raid 0
利用磁盘分区新建2个磁盘分区，每个大小为20 GB。用这2个20 GB的分区来模拟1个40 GB的硬盘

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0 17.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
sdc               8:32   0   20G  0 disk 
sdd               8:48   0   20G  0 disk 
sde               8:64   0   20G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1    4G  0 rom  

配置本地YUM安装源，将提供的mdadm_yum文件夹上传至/opt目录

[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/
mdadm_yum
[root@localhost ~]#  mv /etc/yum.repos.d/* /media/
[root@localhost ~]#  vi /etc/yum.repos.d/yum.repo
[mdadm]
name=mdadm
baseurl=file:///opt/mdadm_yum/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

安装工具mdadm

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y mdadm

创建一个RAID 0设备：这里使用/dev/sdb和/dev/sdc做实验。
将/dev/sdb和/dev/sdc建立RAID等级为RAID 0的md0（设备名）

[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C -v /dev/md0 -l 0 -n 2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K
mdadm: Fail create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.

查看系统上的RAID

[root@localhost ~]#  cat /proc/mdstat 
Personalities : [raid0] 
md0 : active raid0 sdc[1] sdb[0]
      41908224 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks
      
unused devices: <none>

查看RAID详细信息

[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -Ds
ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 name=localhost.localdomain:0 UUID=64765953:865164fd:a92a955f:dd35becc
[root@localhost ~]#  mdadm -D /dev/md0 
/dev/md0:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Sat Feb 13 21:27:27 2021
        Raid Level : raid0
        Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB)
      Raid Devices : 2
     Total Devices : 2
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Sat Feb 13 21:27:27 2021
             State : clean 
    Active Devices : 2
   Working Devices : 2
    Failed Devices : 0
     Spare Devices : 0

        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : unknown

              Name : localhost.localdomain:0  (local to host localhost.localdomain)
              UUID : 64765953:865164fd:a92a955f:dd35becc
            Events : 0

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8       16        0      active sync   /dev/sdb
       1       8       32        1      active sync   /dev/sdc

生成配置文件mdadm.conf

[root@localhost ~]#  mdadm -Ds > /etc/mdadm.conf 

对创建的RAID进行文件系统创建并挂载

[root@localhost ~]#  mkfs.xfs /dev/md0
meta-data=/dev/md0               isize=256    agcount=16, agsize=654720 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=0        finobt=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=10475520, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=128    swidth=256 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=5120, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=8 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none 
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /raid0/
[root@localhost ~]#  mount /dev/md0 /raid0/
[root@localhost ~]# df -Th /raid0/
Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0       xfs    40G   33M   40G   1% /raid0

设置成开机自动挂载

[root@localhost ~]#  blkid /dev/md0 
/dev/md0: UUID="2b211c0e-25fa-4560-8ae3-dbeb8df2218b" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]#  echo "UUID=2b211c0e-25fa-4560-8ae3-dbeb8df2218b /raid0 xfs defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab

删除RAID操作

[root@localhost ~]#  umount /raid0/              	//卸载
[root@localhost ~]#  mdadm -S /dev/md0				//停止
mdadm: stopped /dev/md0							
[root@localhost ~]#  rm -rf /etc/mdadm.conf			//删除
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /raid0/						//删除
[root@localhost ~]#  mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb	//取消后加硬盘超级块
[root@localhost ~]#  mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdc	//取消后加硬盘超级块
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
UUID=2b211c0e-25fa-4560-8ae3-dbeb8df2218b /raid0 xfs defaults 0 0    //删除此行

2.运维操作

2.1 raid 5运维操作
利用磁盘分区新建4个磁盘分区，每个大小为20 GB。用3个20 GB的分区来模拟raid 5，加一个热备盘。

[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -Cv /dev/md5 -l5 -n3 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd --spare-devices=1 /dev/sde 
mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric
mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric
mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K
mdadm: size set to 20954112K
mdadm: Fail create md5 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md5 started.

-l5: 等级为5
-n3: 3块硬盘
--spare-devices：添加一个热备盘

查看RAID的详细信息

[root@localhost ~]#  mdadm -D /dev/md5
/dev/md5:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Sat Feb 13 21:35:31 2021
        Raid Level : raid5
        Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB)
     Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB)
      Raid Devices : 3
     Total Devices : 4
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Sat Feb 13 21:37:17 2021
             State : clean 
    Active Devices : 3
   Working Devices : 4
    Failed Devices : 0
     Spare Devices : 1

            Layout : left-symmetric
        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : unknown

              Name : localhost.localdomain:5  (local to host localhost.localdomain)
              UUID : 21a8bc50:00c489e9:ea720012:c4e8a8b4
            Events : 18

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8       16        0      active sync   /dev/sdb
       1       8       32        1      active sync   /dev/sdc
       4       8       48        2      active sync   /dev/sdd

       3       8       64        -      spare   /dev/sde

2.2 模拟硬盘故障

[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -f /dev/md5 /dev/sdb 
mdadm: set /dev/sdb faulty in /dev/md5

查看RAID的详细信息

[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md5 
/dev/md5:
    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       3       8       64        0      active sync   /dev/sde
       1       8       32        1      active sync   /dev/sdc
       4       8       48        2      active sync   /dev/sdd

       0       8       16        -      faulty   /dev/sdb

可以发现原来的热备盘/dev/sde正在参与RAID 5的重建，而原来的/dev/sdb变成了坏盘。
热移除故障盘

[root@localhost ~]#  mdadm -r /dev/md5 /dev/sdb
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb from /dev/md5

查看RAID的详细信息

[root@localhost ~]#  mdadm -D /dev/md5 
/dev/md5:
       
    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       3       8       64        0      active sync   /dev/sde
       1       8       32        1      active sync   /dev/sdc
       4       8       48        2      active sync   /dev/sdd

格式化RAID并进行挂载

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md5
mkfs.xfs: /dev/md5 appears to contain an existing filesystem (xfs).
mkfs.xfs: Use the -f option to force overwrite.

提示我们已有系统，加-f覆盖

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md5 -f
meta-data=/dev/md5               isize=256    agcount=16, agsize=654720 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=0        finobt=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=10475520, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=128    swidth=256 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=5120, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=8 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]#  mount /dev/md5 /mnt/

查看

[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root   18G  858M   17G   5% /
devtmpfs                 479M     0  479M   0% /dev
tmpfs                    489M     0  489M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    489M  6.7M  483M   2% /run
tmpfs                    489M     0  489M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                497M  125M  373M  25% /boot
tmpfs                     98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md5                  40G   33M   40G   1% /mnt