继续跟着闵老师的Java 程序设计基础学习，第21-30天的主要内容是关于数据结构树的一些代码编写。
21. 第 21 天: 二叉树的深度遍历的递归实现
21.1. 遍历、递归&&迭代
递归：一个过程函数在其定义或说明中有直接或间接调用自身的一种方法，它通常把一个大型复杂的问题层层转化为一个与原问题相似的规模较小的问题来求解。一般来说，递归需要有边界条件、递归前进段和递归返回段。
迭代：迭代是重复反馈过程的活动，其目的通常是为了逼近所需目标或结果。每一次对过程的重复称为一次“迭代”，而每一次迭代得到的结果会作为下一次迭代的初始值。（斐波那契数列）
遍历：所谓遍历(Traversal)，是指沿着某条搜索线路，依次对树（或图）中每个节点均做一次访问。（可以分为前序、中序、后序遍历，他们抽象执行语句的位置分别在前中后，可以先写出代码在进行遍历）
21.2 编写BinaryCharTree.java
-
二叉树的遍历比存储、建立要简单. 所以先“手动”建立一个二叉树来玩.（手动建立）
- 递归算法写起来就是舒服. 前、中、后序的代码差别只有输出语句的位置.（遍历）
- 不需要额外的节点类, 每棵二叉树 (树) 都可以从自己的根结点找到其它所有节点. 这个需要自悟.（每个节点对象包括左右孩子，二叉树可以使用顺序存储结构和链式存储结构）
- 获取二叉树的层次、总节点数, 也需要递归. 以后可能要用, 这里就一并写了.（层次递归）
package day21;
import java.util.Arrays;
import day18.CircleIntQueue;
import day22.CircleObjectQueue;
/**
* Binary tree with char type elements.
*
* @author He Jia
*/
public class BinaryCharTree {
/**
* The value in char.
*/
char value;
/**
* The left child.
*/
BinaryCharTree leftChild;
/**
* The right child.
*/
BinaryCharTree rightChild;
/**
*********************
* The first constructor.
*
* @param paraName The value.
*********************
*/
public BinaryCharTree(char paraName) {
value = paraName;
leftChild = null;
rightChild = null;
}// Of the constructor
public static BinaryCharTree manualConstructTree() {
// Step 1. Construct a tree with only one node.
BinaryCharTree resultTree = new BinaryCharTree('a');
// Step 2. Construct all nodes. The first node is the root.
// BinaryCharTreeNode tempTreeA = resultTree.root.
BinaryCharTree tempTreeB = new BinaryCharTree('b');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeC = new BinaryCharTree('c');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeD = new BinaryCharTree('d');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeE = new BinaryCharTree('e');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeF = new BinaryCharTree('f');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeG = new BinaryCharTree('g');
// Step 3. Link all nodes.
resultTree.leftChild = tempTreeB;
resultTree.rightChild = tempTreeC;
tempTreeB.rightChild = tempTreeD;
tempTreeC.leftChild = tempTreeE;
tempTreeD.leftChild = tempTreeF;
tempTreeD.rightChild = tempTreeG;
return resultTree;
}// Of manuaConstructTree
/**
*********************
* Pre-order visit.
*********************
*/
public void preOrderVisit() {
System.out.print("" + value + "");
if (leftChild != null) {
leftChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
if (rightChild != null) {
rightChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
}// Of preOrderVisit
/**
*******************
* In-order visit.
*******************
*/
public void inOrderVisit() {
if (leftChild != null) {
leftChild.inOrderVisit();
} // Of if
System.out.print("" + value + "");
if (rightChild != null) {
rightChild.inOrderVisit();
} // Of if
}// Of inOrderVisit
/**
********************
* Post-order visit.
********************
*/
public void postOrderVisit() {
if (leftChild != null) {
leftChild.postOrderVisit();
} // Of if
if (rightChild != null) {
rightChild.postOrderVisit();
} // Of if
System.out.print("" + value + "");
}// Of postOrderVisit
/**
********************
* Get the depth of the binary tree.
*
* @return The depth. It is 1 if there is only one node, i.e, the root.
********************
*/
public int getDepth() {
// It is a leaf.
if ((leftChild == null) && (rightChild == null)) {
return 1;
} // Of if
// The depth of the left child.
int tempLeftDepth = 0;
if (leftChild != null) {
tempLeftDepth = leftChild.getDepth();
} // Of if
// The depth of the right child.
int tempRightDepth = 0;
if (leftChild != null) {
tempRightDepth = leftChild.getDepth();
} // Of if
if (tempLeftDepth >= tempRightDepth) {
return tempLeftDepth + 1;
} else {
return tempRightDepth + 1;
} // Of if
}// Of getDepth
/**
********************
* Get the number of nodes.
*
* @return The number of nodes.
********************
*/
public int getNumNodes() {
// It is a leaf.
if ((leftChild == null) && (rightChild == null)) {
return 1;
}
int tempLeftNodes = 0;
if (leftChild != null) {
tempLeftNodes = leftChild.getNumNodes();
} // Of if
// The number of nodes of the right child.
int tempRightNodes = 0;
if (rightChild != null) {
tempRightNodes = rightChild.getNumNodes();
} // Of if
return tempLeftNodes + tempRightNodes + 1;
}// Of getNumNodes
/**
*********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args Not used now.
*********************
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
BinaryCharTree tempTree = manualConstructTree();
System.out.println("\r\nPreorder visit:");
tempTree.preOrderVisit();
System.out.println("\r\nIn-order visit:");
tempTree.inOrderVisit();
System.out.println("\r\nPost-corder visit:");
tempTree.postOrderVisit();
System.out.println("\r\n\r\nThe depth is: " + tempTree.getDepth());
System.out.println("The number of nodes is: " + tempTree.getNumNodes());
}// Of main
}// Of BinaryCharTree22. 第 22 天: 二叉树的存储
22.1 二叉树的存储结构
- 树有三种存储方式双亲表示法、孩子表示法、孩子兄弟表示法（主要使用链表存放）
- 二叉树可以使用顺序存储和二叉链表存储
22.2 编写代码
二叉树的存储并非一个简单的问题. 引用 (指针) 是无法存储到文件里面的.
我们可以完全满二叉树的角度广度优先遍历的角度来考虑这个问题: 每个节点都有一个 name 及其在二叉树中的位置. 令根节点的位置为 0; 则第 2 层节点的位置依次为 1 至 2; 第 3 层节点的位置依次为 3 至 6. 以此类推.
把昨天那个例子所对应的二叉树画出来, 我们有两种方法:
空使用 0 来表示, 可以用一个向量来存储:（这种二叉树的顺序存储结构一般用于完全二叉树）
[a, b, c, 0, d, e, 0, 0, 0, f, g]
优点: 仅需要一个向量, 简单直接.
缺点: 对于实际的二叉树, 很多子树为空, 导致大量的 0 值.
刘知鑫指出: 应使用压缩存储方式, 即将节点的位置和值均存储. 可表示为两个向量:
[0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10]
[a, b, c, d, e, f, g]
/**
* The values of nodes according to breadth first traversal.
*/
char[] valuesArray;
/**
* The indices in the complete binary tree.
*/
int[] indicesArray;
/**
********************
* Convert the tree to data arrays, including a char array and an int array.
* The results are stored in two member variables.
*
* @see #valuesArray
* @see #indicesArray
*********************
*/
public void toDataArrays() {
//Initialize arrays.
int tempLength = getNumNodes();
valuesArray = new char[tempLength];
indicesArray = new int[tempLength];
int i = 0;
//Traverse and convert at the same time.
CircleObjectQueue tempQueue = new CircleObjectQueue();
tempQueue.enqueue(this);
CircleIntQueue tempIntQueue = new CircleIntQueue();
tempIntQueue.enqueue(0);
BinaryCharTree tempTree = (BinaryCharTree) tempQueue.dequeue();
int tempIndex = tempIntQueue.dequeue();
while (tempTree != null) {
valuesArray[i] = tempTree.value;
indicesArray[i] = tempIndex;
i++;
if (tempTree.leftChild != null) {
tempQueue.enqueue(tempTree.leftChild);
tempIntQueue.enqueue(tempIndex * 2 + 1);
} // Of if
if (tempTree.rightChild != null) {
tempQueue.enqueue(tempTree.rightChild);
tempIntQueue.enqueue(tempIndex * 2 + 2);
} // Of if
tempTree = (BinaryCharTree) tempQueue.dequeue();
tempIndex = tempIntQueue.dequeue();
} // Of while
}// Of toDataArrays23. 第 23 天: 使用具有通用性的队列
23.1
- 昨天使用的队列有两种: 存储二叉树节点的队列; 存储整数的队列. 这样的话, 难道我们要为每种类型单独写一个队列? 这样显然没有充分利用代码的复用性. 实际上, 我们只需要一个存储对象的队列就够啦!
- Java 里面, 所有的类均为 Object 类的 (直接或间接) 子类. 如果不写就默认为直接子类. 例如
- public class CircleObjectQueue;等价于public class CircleObjectQueue extends Object;
- 存储对象的队列, 实际上是存储对象的地址 (引用、指针). 因此, 可以存储任何类的对象 (的引用).
- 可以通过强制类型转换将对象转成其本身的类别. 例如前面程序tempTree = (BinaryCharTree) tempQueue.dequeue();括号中的类型即表示强制类型转换.
- Java 本身将 int, double, char 分别封装到 Integer, Double, Char 类.
- 今天的代码量非常少, 但涉及面向对象的思想不少.让我们见识一下它的威力吧.
package day23;
import java.util.Arrays;
import day18.CircleIntQueue;
import day22.CircleObjectQueue;
/**
* Binary tree with char type elements.
*
* @author He Jia
*/
public class BinaryCharTree {
/**
* The value in char.
*/
char value;
/**
* The left child.
*/
BinaryCharTree leftChild;
/**
* The right child.
*/
BinaryCharTree rightChild;
/**
*********************
* The first constructor.
*
* @param paraName The value.
*********************
*/
public BinaryCharTree(char paraName) {
value = paraName;
leftChild = null;
rightChild = null;
}// Of the constructor
public static BinaryCharTree manualConstructTree() {
// Step 1. Construct a tree with only one node.
BinaryCharTree resultTree = new BinaryCharTree('a');
// Step 2. Construct all nodes. The first node is the root.
// BinaryCharTreeNode tempTreeA = resultTree.root.
BinaryCharTree tempTreeB = new BinaryCharTree('b');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeC = new BinaryCharTree('c');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeD = new BinaryCharTree('d');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeE = new BinaryCharTree('e');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeF = new BinaryCharTree('f');
BinaryCharTree tempTreeG = new BinaryCharTree('g');
// Step 3. Link all nodes.
resultTree.leftChild = tempTreeB;
resultTree.rightChild = tempTreeC;
tempTreeB.rightChild = tempTreeD;
tempTreeC.leftChild = tempTreeE;
tempTreeD.leftChild = tempTreeF;
tempTreeD.rightChild = tempTreeG;
return resultTree;
}// Of manuaConstructTree
/**
*********************
* Pre-order visit.
*********************
*/
public void preOrderVisit() {
System.out.print("" + value + "");
if (leftChild != null) {
leftChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
if (rightChild != null) {
rightChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
}// Of preOrderVisit
/**
*******************
* In-order visit.
*******************
*/
public void inOrderVisit() {
if (leftChild != null) {
leftChild.inOrderVisit();
} // Of if
System.out.print("" + value + "");
if (rightChild != null) {
rightChild.inOrderVisit();
} // Of if
}// Of inOrderVisit
/**
********************
* Post-order visit.
********************
*/
public void postOrderVisit() {
if (leftChild != null) {
leftChild.postOrderVisit();
} // Of if
if (rightChild != null) {
rightChild.postOrderVisit();
} // Of if
System.out.print("" + value + "");
}// Of postOrderVisit
/**
********************
* Get the depth of the binary tree.
*
* @return The depth. It is 1 if there is only one node, i.e, the root.
********************
*/
public int getDepth() {
// It is a leaf.
if ((leftChild == null) && (rightChild == null)) {
return 1;
} // Of if
// The depth of the left child.
int tempLeftDepth = 0;
if (leftChild != null) {
tempLeftDepth = leftChild.getDepth();
} // Of if
// The depth of the right child.
int tempRightDepth = 0;
if (leftChild != null) {
tempRightDepth = leftChild.getDepth();
} // Of if
if (tempLeftDepth >= tempRightDepth) {
return tempLeftDepth + 1;
} else {
return tempRightDepth + 1;
} // Of if
}// Of getDepth
/**
********************
* Get the number of nodes.
*
* @return The number of nodes.
********************
*/
public int getNumNodes() {
// It is a leaf.
if ((leftChild == null) && (rightChild == null)) {
return 1;
}
int tempLeftNodes = 0;
if (leftChild != null) {
tempLeftNodes = leftChild.getNumNodes();
} // Of if
// The number of nodes of the right child.
int tempRightNodes = 0;
if (rightChild != null) {
tempRightNodes = rightChild.getNumNodes();
} // Of if
return tempLeftNodes + tempRightNodes + 1;
}// Of getNumNodes
/**
* The values of nodes according to breadth first traversal.
*/
char[] valuesArray;
/**
* The indices in the complete binary tree.
*/
int[] indicesArray;
/**
********************
* Convert the tree to data arrays, including a char array and an int array.
* The results are stored in two member variables.
*
* @see #valuesArray
* @see #indicesArray
*********************
*/
public void toDataArraysObjectQueue() {
//Initialize arrays.
int tempLength = getNumNodes();
valuesArray = new char[tempLength];
indicesArray = new int[tempLength];
int i = 0;
//Traverse and convert at the same time.
CircleObjectQueue tempQueue = new CircleObjectQueue();
tempQueue.enqueue(this);
CircleObjectQueue tempIntQueue = new CircleObjectQueue();
Integer tempIndexInterger = Integer.valueOf(0);
tempIntQueue.enqueue(tempIndexInterger);
BinaryCharTree tempTree = (BinaryCharTree) tempQueue.dequeue();
int tempIndex = ((Integer)tempIntQueue.dequeue()).intValue();
System.out.println("tempIndex = " + tempIndex);
while (tempTree != null) {
valuesArray[i] = tempTree.value;
indicesArray[i] = tempIndex;
i++;
if (tempTree.leftChild != null) {
tempQueue.enqueue(tempTree.leftChild);
tempIntQueue.enqueue(Integer.valueOf(tempIndex * 2 + 1));
} // Of if
if (tempTree.rightChild != null) {
tempQueue.enqueue(tempTree.rightChild);
tempIntQueue.enqueue(Integer.valueOf(tempIndex * 2 + 2));
} // Of if
tempTree = (BinaryCharTree) tempQueue.dequeue();
if(tempTree == null) {
break;
} // Of if
tempIndex = ((Integer)tempIntQueue.dequeue()).intValue();
} // Of while
}// Of toDataArraysObjectQueue
/**
*********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args
* Not used now.
*********************
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
BinaryCharTree tempTree = manualConstructTree();
System.out.println("\r\nPreorder visit:");
tempTree.preOrderVisit();
System.out.println("\r\nIn-order visit:");
tempTree.inOrderVisit();
System.out.println("\r\nPost-order visit:");
tempTree.postOrderVisit();
System.out.println("\r\n\r\nThe depth is: " + tempTree.getDepth());
System.out.println("The number of nodes is: " + tempTree.getNumNodes());
tempTree.toDataArraysObjectQueue();
System.out.println("Only object queue.");
System.out.println("The values are: " + Arrays.toString(tempTree.valuesArray));
}// Of main
}// Of BinaryCharTree24. 第 24 天: 二叉树的建立
- 只增加了一个构造方法, 相当于第 22 天的逆过程.(第22天是将二叉树的数据输入队列，第24天是输出队列)
- 保留了调拭语句, 因为下标很容易出错.
- 使用一个线性表先分配所有节点的空间, 再将节点链接起来.
- 最后并没有返回, 而是把第 0 个节点的相应值拷贝给自己.
package day24;
import java.util.Arrays;
import day18.CircleIntQueue;
import day22.CircleObjectQueue;
/**
* Binary tree with char type elements.
*
* @author He Jia
*/
public class BinaryCharTree {
/**
* The value in char.
*/
char value;
/**
* The left child.
*/
BinaryCharTree leftChild;
/**
* The right child.
*/
BinaryCharTree rightChild;
/**
*********************
* The first constructor.
*
* @param paraName The value.
*********************
*/
public BinaryCharTree(char paraName) {
value = paraName;
leftChild = null;
rightChild = null;
}// Of the constructor
/**
************************
* The second constructor. The parameters must be correct since no valudity
* check id undertaken.
*
* @param paraDataArray The array for data.
* @param paraIndicesArray The array for indices.
************************
*/
public BinaryCharTree(char[] paraDataArray, int[] paraIndicesArray) {
// Step 1. Use a sequential list to store all nodes.
int tempNumNodes = paraDataArray.length;
BinaryCharTree[] tempAllNodes = new BinaryCharTree[tempNumNodes];
for (int i = 0; i < tempNumNodes; i++) {
tempAllNodes[i] = new BinaryCharTree(paraDataArray[i]);
} // Of for i
// Step 2. Link these nodes.
for (int i = 1; i < tempNumNodes; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
System.out.println("indices" + paraIndicesArray[j] + " vs. " + paraIndicesArray[i]);
if (paraIndicesArray[i] == paraIndicesArray[j] * 2 + 1) {
tempAllNodes[j].leftChild = tempAllNodes[i];
System.out.println("Linking " + j + " with " + i);
break;
} else if (paraIndicesArray[i] == paraIndicesArray[j] * 2 + 2) {
tempAllNodes[j].rightChild = tempAllNodes[i];
System.out.println("Linking " + j + " with " + i);
break;
} // Of if
} // Of for j
} // Of for i
// Step 3. The root is the first node.
value = tempAllNodes[0].value;
leftChild = tempAllNodes[0].leftChild;
rightChild = tempAllNodes[0].rightChild;
}// Of the second constructor
/**
*********************
* Pre-order visit.
*********************
*/
public void preOrderVisit() {
System.out.print("" + value + "");
if (leftChild != null) {
leftChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
if (rightChild != null) {
rightChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
}// Of preOrderVisit
/**
*******************
* In-order visit.
*******************
*/
public void inOrderVisit() {
if (leftChild != null) {
leftChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
System.out.print("" + value + "");
if (rightChild != null) {
rightChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
}// Of inOrderVisit
/**
********************
* Post-order visit.
********************
*/
public void postOrderVisit() {
if (leftChild != null) {
leftChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
if (rightChild != null) {
rightChild.preOrderVisit();
} // Of if
System.out.print("" + value + "");
}// Of postOrderVisit
/**
********************
* Get the number of nodes.
*
* @return The number of nodes.
********************
*/
public int getNumNodes() {
// It is a leaf.
if ((leftChild == null) && (rightChild == null)) {
return 1;
}
int tempLeftNodes = 0;
if (leftChild != null) {
tempLeftNodes = leftChild.getNumNodes();
} // Of if
// The number of nodes of the right child.
int tempRightNodes = 0;
if (rightChild != null) {
tempRightNodes = rightChild.getNumNodes();
} // Of if
return tempLeftNodes + tempRightNodes + 1;
}// Of getNumNodes
/**
*********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args Not used now.
*********************
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
char[] tempCharArray = { 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' };
int[] tempIndicesArray = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 12 };
BinaryCharTree tempTree = new BinaryCharTree(tempCharArray, tempIndicesArray);
System.out.println("\r\nPreorder visit:");
tempTree.preOrderVisit();
System.out.println("\r\nInorder visit:");
tempTree.inOrderVisit();
System.out.println("\r\nPostorder visit:");
tempTree.postOrderVisit();
}// Of main
}// Of BinaryCharTree25&&26. 第 25 天: 二叉树深度遍历的栈实现 (前中后序)
25.1 具有通用性的对象栈
- 改写栈程序, 里面存放对象.
- 该程序应该放在 datastructure.stack 包内.
- 还是依靠强制类型转换, 支持不同的数据类型.
- 增加了 isEmpty() 方法.
package day25;
/**
* Circle int queue.
*
* @author He Jia
*/
public class ObjectStack {
/**
* The depth.
*/
public static final int MAX_DEPTH = 10;
/**
* The actual depth.
*/
int depth;
/**
* The data
*/
Object[] data;
/**
*********************
* Construct an empty sequential list.
*********************
*/
public ObjectStack() {
depth = 0;
data = new Object[MAX_DEPTH];
}// Of the first constructor
/**
*********************
* Overrides the method claimed in Object, the superclass of any class.
*********************
*/
public String toString() {
String resultString = "";
for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
resultString += data[i];
} // Of for i
return resultString;
}// Of toString
/**
*********************
* Push an element.
*
* @param paraObject The given object.
* @return Success or not.
*********************
*/
public boolean push(Object paraObject) {
if (depth == MAX_DEPTH) {
System.out.println("Stack full.");
return false;
} // Of if
data[depth] = paraObject;
depth++;
return true;
}// Of push
/**
*********************
* Pop an element.
*
* @return The object at the top of the stack.
*********************
*/
public Object pop() {
if (depth == 0) {
System.out.println("Nothing to pop.");
return '\0';
}
Object resultObject = data[depth - 1];
depth--;
return resultObject;
}// Of pop
/**
*********************
* Is the stack empty?
*
* @return True if empty.
*********************
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
if (depth == 0) {
return true;
} // Of if
return false;
}// Of isEmpty
/**
*********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args Not used now.
*********************
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
ObjectStack tempStack = new ObjectStack();
for (char ch = 'a'; ch < 'm'; ch++) {
tempStack.push(new Character(ch));
System.out.println("The current stack is: " + tempStack);
} // Of for i
char tempChar;
for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
tempChar = ((Character) tempStack.pop()).charValue();
System.out.println("Poped: " + tempChar);
System.out.println("The current stack is: " + tempStack);
} // Of for i
}// Of main
}// Of class ObjectStack25.2 遍历
本来这是两天的内容，但是这里我把前中后序遍历写在了一起。
前序与中序的区别, 仅仅在于输出语句的位置不同.
二叉树的遍历, 总共有 6 种排列: 1) 左中右 (中序); 2) 左右中 (后序); 3) 中左右 (前序); 4) 中右左; 5) 右左中; 6) 右中左. 我们平常关心的是前三种, 是因为我们习惯于先左后右. 如果要先右后左, 就相当于左右子树互换, 这个是很容易做到的.
如果将前序的左右子树互换, 就可得到 4) 中右左; 再进行逆序, 可以得到 2) 左右中. 因此, 要把前序的代码改为后序, 需要首先将 leftChild 和 rightChild 互换, 然后用一个栈来存储需要输出的字符, 最终反向输出即可. 这种将一个问题转换成另一个等价问题的方式, 无论在数学还是计算机领域, 都极度重要. 参见 https://blog.csdn.net/minfanphd/article/details/117318844中莫峦奇的版本.
如果不按上述方式, 直接写后序遍历, 就会复杂得多, 有双重的 while 循环. 参见 https://blog.csdn.net/minfanphd/article/details/117318844中潘佳豪的版本.
/**
**********************
* In-order visit with stack.
**********************
*/
public void inOrderVistWithStack() {
ObjectStack tempStack = new ObjectStack();
BinaryCharTree tempNode = this;
while (!tempStack.isEmpty() || tempNode != null) {
if (tempNode != null) {
tempStack.push(tempNode);
tempNode = tempNode.leftChild;
} else {
tempNode = (BinaryCharTree) tempStack.pop();
System.out.print(" " + tempNode.value + " ");
tempNode = tempNode.rightChild;
} // Of if
} // Of while
}// Of inOrderVist
/**
**********************
* Pre-order visit with stack.
**********************
*/
public void preOrderVistWithStack() {
ObjectStack tempStack = new ObjectStack();
BinaryCharTree tempNode = this;
while (!tempStack.isEmpty() || tempNode != null) {
if (tempNode != null) {
System.out.print(" " + tempNode.value + " ");
tempStack.push(tempNode);
tempNode = tempNode.leftChild;
} else {
tempNode = (BinaryCharTree) tempStack.pop();
tempNode = tempNode.rightChild;
} // Of if
} // Of while
}// Of perOrederVist
/**
**********************
* Post-order visit with stack.
**********************
*/
public void postOrderVistWithStack() {
ObjectStack tempStack = new ObjectStack();
ObjectStack tempOutputStack = new ObjectStack();
BinaryCharTree tempNode = this;
while (!tempStack.isEmpty() || tempNode != null) {
if (tempNode != null) {
// Store for output.
tempOutputStack.push(new Character(tempNode.value));
tempStack.push(tempNode);
tempNode = tempNode.rightChild;
} else {
tempNode = (BinaryCharTree) tempStack.pop();
tempNode = tempNode.leftChild;
} // Of if
} // Of while
while (!tempOutputStack.isEmpty()) {
System.out.print(" " + tempOutputStack.pop() + " ");
} // Of while
}// Of postOrderVist25.3 问题和回答
同样都是二叉树遍历第21天的遍历和今天的遍历有什么区别？
答：第21天的二叉树遍历用的是直接递归，直接使用递归就相当于计算机会自动构造栈。而这里是自己构建栈，应该是为了更好的了解递归在计算机中的运行方式和情况吧(⊙o⊙)
27. 第 27 天: Hanoi 塔问题
27.1 Hanoi
1.汉诺塔问题（递归）
汉诺塔问题源自印度一个古老的传说，印度教的“创造之神”梵天创造世界时做了 3 根金刚石柱，其中的一根柱子上按照从小到大的顺序摞着 64 个黄金圆盘。梵天命令一个叫婆罗门的门徒将所有的圆盘移动到另一个柱子上，移动过程中必须遵守以下规则：
- 每次只能移动柱子最顶端的一个圆盘；
- 每个柱子上，小圆盘永远要位于大圆盘之上；
2.推导
我们可以先从少量的盘子开始推导一下
也就是说需要把上面的n-1个盘子移动到“B”的位置，然后把第n个盘子移动到“C”的位置，最后把n-1个盘子移动到“C”的位置。及需要做三步：
- n-1: A → B
- n: A → C
- n-1: B → C
27.3 汉诺塔的时间复杂度和空间复杂度
这里我们可以通过上述推导或者下面的代码
得到T(n) = T(n-1)*2 + 1; 可以得时间复杂度O(n) = 2^n;
空间复杂度是n
27.4 编写Hanoi.java
package day27;
/**
* Hanoi tower.
*
* @author He Jia
*/
public class Hanoi {
/**
*********************
* Move a number of plates.
*
* @param paraSource The source pole.
* @param paraIntermediary The intermediary pole.
* @param paraDestination The destination pole.
* @param paraNumber The number of plates.
*********************
*/
public static void hanoi(char paraSource, char paraIntermediary, char paraDestination, int paraNumber) {
if (paraNumber == 1) {
move(paraSource, paraDestination, paraNumber);
return;
} else {
hanoi(paraSource, paraDestination, paraIntermediary, paraNumber - 1);
move(paraSource, paraDestination, paraNumber);
hanoi(paraIntermediary, paraIntermediary, paraDestination, paraNumber - 1);
} // Of if
}// Of hanoi
/**
*******************
* The status about moving plates
* @param paraSource
* @param paraDestination
* @param paraNumber
*******************
*/
public static void move(char paraSource, char paraDestination, int paraNumber) {
System.out.println(paraNumber + ": " + paraSource + " -> " + paraDestination);
}// Of move
/**
********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args Not used now.
********************
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
hanoi('a', 'b', 'c', 1);
System.out.println();
hanoi('a', 'b', 'c', 2);
System.out.println();
hanoi('a', 'b', 'c', 3);
System.out.println();
}// Of main
}// Of class Hanoi
28&&29&&30. Huffman 编码
28.1 Huffman编码原理
Huffman算法也是一种无损压缩算法、。Huffman编码是变长编码，每种字符的前缀码都不一样。所有字符都在叶节点上。
前缀码：任何一个字符的编码都不是同一字符集中另一种字符编码的前缀。Huffman编码为最优前缀码，即压缩后数据量最小。
28.2 贪心算法
局部最优，可以推导出，全局最优。
证明方法：举反例，归纳法。
28.3 代码
package day28;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
/**
* Huffman tree, encoding, and decoding. For simplicity, only ASCII characters
* are supported.
*
*/
public class Huffman {
/**
* An inner class for Huffman nodes.
*/
class HuffmanNode {
/**
* The char. Only valid for leaf nodes.
*/
char character;
/**
* Weight. It can also be double.
*/
int weight;
/**
* The left child.
*/
HuffmanNode leftChild;
/**
* The right child.
*/
HuffmanNode rightChild;
/**
* The parent. It helps constructing the Huffman code of each character.
*/
HuffmanNode parent;
/**
*******************
* The first constructor
*******************
*/
public HuffmanNode(char paraCharacter, int paraWeight, HuffmanNode paraLeftChild, HuffmanNode paraRightChild,
HuffmanNode paraParent) {
character = paraCharacter;
weight = paraWeight;
leftChild = paraLeftChild;
rightChild = paraRightChild;
parent = paraParent;
}// Of HuffmanNode
/**
*******************
* To string.
*******************
*/
public String toString() {
String resultString = "(" + character + ", " + weight + ")";
return resultString;
}// Of toString
}// Of class HuffmanNode
/**
* The number of characters. 256 for ASCII.
*/
public static final int NUM_CHARS = 256;
/**
* The input text. It is stored in a string for simplicity.
*/
String inputText;
/**
* The length of the alphabet, also the number of leaves.
*/
int alphabetLength;
/**
* The alphabet.
*/
char[] alphabet;
/**
* The count of chars. The length is 2 * alphabetLength - 1 to include non-leaf
* nodes.
*/
int[] charCounts;
/**
* The mapping of chars to the indices in the alphabet.
*/
int[] charMapping;
/**
* Codes for each char in the alphabet. It should have the same length as
* alphabet.
*/
String[] huffmanCodes;
/**
* All nodes. The last node is the root.
*/
HuffmanNode[] nodes;
/**
*********************
* The first constructor.
*
* @param paraFilename The text filename.
*********************
*/
public Huffman(String paraFilename) {
charMapping = new int[NUM_CHARS];
readText(paraFilename);
}// Of the first constructor
/**
*********************
* Read text.
*
* @param paraFilename The text filename.
*********************
*/
public void readText(String paraFilename) {
try {
inputText = Files.newBufferedReader(Paths.get(paraFilename), StandardCharsets.UTF_8).lines()
.collect(Collectors.joining("\n"));
} catch (Exception ee) {
System.out.println(ee);
System.exit(0);
} // Of try
System.out.println("The text is:\r\n" + inputText);
}// Of readText
/**
*********************
* Construct the alphabet. The results are stored in the member variables
* charMapping and alphabet.
*********************
*/
public void constructAlphabet() {
// Initialize.
Arrays.fill(charMapping, -1);
// The count for each char. At most NUM_CHARS chars.
int[] tempCharCounts = new int[NUM_CHARS];
// The index of the char in the ASCII charset.
int tempCharIndex;
// Step 1. Scan the string to obtain the counts.
char tempChar;
for (int i = 0; i < inputText.length(); i++) {
tempChar = inputText.charAt(i);
tempCharIndex = (int) tempChar;
System.out.print("" + tempCharIndex + " ");
tempCharCounts[tempCharIndex]++;
} // Of for i
// Step 2. Scan to determine the size of the alphabet.
alphabetLength = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 255; i++) {
if (tempCharCounts[i] > 0) {
alphabetLength++;
} // Of if
} // Of for i
// Step 3. Compress to the alphabet
alphabet = new char[alphabetLength];
charCounts = new int[2 * alphabetLength - 1];
int tempCounter = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CHARS; i++) {
if (tempCharCounts[i] > 0) {
alphabet[tempCounter] = (char) i;
charCounts[tempCounter] = tempCharCounts[i];
charMapping[i] = tempCounter;
tempCounter++;
} // Of if
} // Of for i
System.out.println("The alphabet is: " + Arrays.toString(alphabet));
System.out.println("Their counts are: " + Arrays.toString(charCounts));
System.out.println("The char mappings are: " + Arrays.toString(charMapping));
}// Of constructAlphabet
/**
*********************
* Construct the tree.
*********************
*/
public void constructTree() {
// Step 1. Allocate space.
nodes = new HuffmanNode[alphabetLength * 2 - 1];
boolean[] tempProcessed = new boolean[alphabetLength * 2 - 1];
// Step 2. Initialize leaves.
for (int i = 0; i < alphabetLength; i++) {
nodes[i] = new HuffmanNode(alphabet[i], charCounts[i], null, null, null);
} // Of for i
// Step 3. Construct the tree.
int tempLeft, tempRight, tempMinimal;
for (int i = alphabetLength; i < 2 * alphabetLength - 1; i++) {
// Step 3.1 Select the first minimal as the left child.
tempLeft = -1;
tempMinimal = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
if (tempProcessed[j]) {
continue;
} // Of if
if (tempMinimal > charCounts[j]) {
tempMinimal = charCounts[j];
tempLeft = j;
} // Of if
} // Of for j
tempProcessed[tempLeft] = true;
// Step 3.2 Select the second minimal as the right child.
tempRight = -1;
tempMinimal = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
if (tempProcessed[j]) {
continue;
} // Of if
if (tempMinimal > charCounts[j]) {
tempMinimal = charCounts[j];
tempRight = j;
} // Of if
} // Of for j
tempProcessed[tempRight] = true;
System.out.println("Selecting " + tempLeft + " and " + tempRight);
// Step 3.3 Construct the new node.
charCounts[i] = charCounts[tempLeft] + charCounts[tempRight];
nodes[i] = new HuffmanNode('*', charCounts[i], nodes[tempLeft], nodes[tempRight], null);
// Step 3.4 Link with children.
nodes[tempLeft].parent = nodes[i];
nodes[tempRight].parent = nodes[i];
System.out.println("The children of " + i + " are " + tempLeft + " and " + tempRight);
} // Of for i
}// Of constructTree
/**
*********************
* Get the root of the binary tree.
*
* @return The root.
*********************
*/
public HuffmanNode getRoot() {
return nodes[nodes.length - 1];
}// Of getRoot
/**
*********************
* Pre-order visit.
*********************
*/
public void preOrderVisit(HuffmanNode paraNode) {
System.out.print("(" + paraNode.character + ", " + paraNode.weight + ") ");
if (paraNode.leftChild != null) {
preOrderVisit(paraNode.leftChild);
} // Of if
if (paraNode.rightChild != null) {
preOrderVisit(paraNode.rightChild);
} // Of if
}// Of preOrderVisit
/**
*********************
* Generate codes for each character in the alphabet.
*********************
*/
public void generateCodes() {
huffmanCodes = new String[alphabetLength];
HuffmanNode tempNode;
for (int i = 0; i < alphabetLength; i++) {
tempNode = nodes[i];
// Use tempCharCode instead of tempCode such that it is unlike
// tempNode.
// This is an advantage of long names.
String tempCharCode = "";
while (tempNode.parent != null) {
if (tempNode == tempNode.parent.leftChild) {
tempCharCode = "0" + tempCharCode;
} else {
tempCharCode = "1" + tempCharCode;
} // Of if
tempNode = tempNode.parent;
} // Of while
huffmanCodes[i] = tempCharCode;
System.out.println("The code of " + alphabet[i] + " is " + tempCharCode);
} // Of for i
}// Of generateCodes
/**
*********************
* Encode the given string.
*
* @param paraString The given string.
*********************
*/
public String coding(String paraString) {
String resultCodeString = "";
int tempIndex;
for (int i = 0; i < paraString.length(); i++) {
// From the original char to the location in the alphabet.
tempIndex = charMapping[(int) paraString.charAt(i)];
// From the location in the alphabet to the code.
resultCodeString += huffmanCodes[tempIndex];
} // Of for i
return resultCodeString;
}// Of coding
/**
*********************
* Decode the given string.
*
* @param paraString The given string.
*********************
*/
public String decoding(String paraString) {
String resultCodeString = "";
HuffmanNode tempNode = getRoot();
for (int i = 0; i < paraString.length(); i++) {
if (paraString.charAt(i) == '0') {
tempNode = tempNode.leftChild;
System.out.println(tempNode);
} else {
tempNode = tempNode.rightChild;
System.out.println(tempNode);
} // Of if
if (tempNode.leftChild == null) {
System.out.println("Decode one:" + tempNode);
// Decode one char.
resultCodeString += tempNode.character;
// Return to the root.
tempNode = getRoot();
} // Of if
} // Of for i
return resultCodeString;
}// Of decoding
/**
*********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args Not used now.
*********************
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
Huffman tempHuffman = new Huffman("D:/hejia.txt");
tempHuffman.constructAlphabet();
tempHuffman.constructTree();
HuffmanNode tempRoot = tempHuffman.getRoot();
System.out.println("The root is: " + tempRoot);
System.out.println("Preorder visit:");
tempHuffman.preOrderVisit(tempHuffman.getRoot());
tempHuffman.generateCodes();
String tempCoded = tempHuffman.coding("abcdb");
System.out.println("Coded: " + tempCoded);
String tempDecoded = tempHuffman.decoding(tempCoded);
System.out.println("Decoded: " + tempDecoded);
}// Of main
}// Of class Huffman
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