Java笔记ヾ(◍°∇°◍)ﾉﾞ注解和反射之章

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-10 10:21:38 发布

CTYring

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-10 10:21:38 发布

阅读量123

点赞数 3

分类专栏： java 文章标签：反射 java

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_51029409/article/details/117825243

版权

java 专栏收录该内容

7 篇文章 0 订阅

订阅专栏

本文深入探讨了Java中的注解和反射机制，包括注解的定义、内置注解、元注解以及自定义注解的创建。同时，详细介绍了Java反射的概念，分析了反射在程序设计中的应用、优缺点以及相关API。此外，通过实例展示了如何通过反射获取Class对象、类的加载过程以及类加载器的工作原理。文章还对比分析了反射调用与普通方法调用的性能差异，并讨论了如何通过反射操作泛型和注解。

摘要由CSDN通过智能技术生成

一、注解

1、什么是注解

2、内置注解

3、元注解

package com.cty.annotation;

import java.lang.annotation.*;

//测试元注解
public class Test02 {
    @MyAnnotation
    public void test(){

    }
}

//定义一个注解
//Target 表示我们的注解可以用在哪些地方
@@Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE})

//Retention 表示我们的注解在什么地方还有效
@Retention(value = RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)

//Documented 表示是否将我们的注解生成在JAVAdoc中
@Documented

//Inherited 子类可以继承父类的注解
@Inherited

@interface MyAnnotation{

}

4、自定义注解

二、反射机制

1、静态语言和动态语言

2、Java Reflection

3、Java反射机制的研究及应用

4、Java反射优点和缺点

5、反射相关的主要API

package com.cty.reflection;

//什么叫反射
public class Test01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //通过反射获取类的Class对象
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.User");
        Class c2 = Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.User");
        Class c3 = Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.User");
        Class c4 = Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.User");
        //一个类在内存中只有一个Class对象
        //一个类被加载后。 类的整个结构都会被封装在class对象中
        System.out.println(c1.hashCode());
        System.out.println(c2.hashCode());


    }
}
//实体类：pojo， entity
class User {
    private String name;
    private int id;
    private int age;

    public User() {

    }

    public User(String name, int id, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.id = id;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Test01{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", id=" + id +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }
}

6、class类

7、获取Class实例

package com.cty.reflection;

//测试class类的创建方式有哪些
public class Test2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        Person person = new Student();
        System.out.println("这个人是" + person.name);

        //方式一：通过对象获得
        Class c1 = person.getClass();
        System.out.println(c1.hashCode());

        //方式二：forName获得
        Class c2 = Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.Student");
        System.out.println(c2.hashCode());

        //方式三：通过类名.class获得
        Class c3 = Student.class;
        System.out.println(c3.hashCode());

        //方法四：基本内置类型都有一个包装类的Type属性
        Class c4 = Integer.TYPE;
        System.out.println(c4);

        //获得父类类型
        Class c5 = c1.getSuperclass();
        System.out.println(c5);
    }
}
class Person{
    public String name;

    public Person(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Person() {

    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

class Teacher extends Person{
    public Teacher(){
        this.name = "老师";
    }
}

class Student extends Person{
    public Student(){
        this.name = "学生";
    }
}

8、哪些类可以有Class对象

package com.cty.reflection;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;

public class Test3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Class c1 = Object.class;   //类
        Class c2 = Comparable.class;// 接口
        Class c3 = String[].class;//一维数组
        Class c4 = int[][].class;//二维数组
        Class c5 = Override.class;//注解
        Class c6 = ElementType.class;//枚举
        Class c7 = Integer.class;//基本数据类型
        Class c8 = void.class;//void
        Class c9 = Class.class;//Class

        System.out.println(c1);
        System.out.println(c2);
        System.out.println(c3);
        System.out.println(c4);
        System.out.println(c5);
        System.out.println(c6);
        System.out.println(c7);
        System.out.println(c8);
        System.out.println(c9);

        //只要元素类型与维度一样，就是同一个Class
        int[] a = new int[10];
        int[] b = new int[100];

        System.out.println(a.getClass().hashCode());
        System.out.println(b.getClass().hashCode());
    }
}

9、类的加载过程

在这里插入图片描述

10、类的加载与ClassLoader的理解

package com.cty.reflection;

public class Test4 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        A a =  new A();
        System.out.println(A.m);
        /*
        * 1.加载到内存，会产生一个类对应Class对象
        * 2.连接， 链接结束后 m = 0
        * 3. 初始化
        * */
    }
}

class A{
    static {
        System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化");
        m = 300;
    }
    static int m = 100;
    public A(){
        System.out.println("A类的无参构造初始化");
    }
}

11、什么时候会发生类的初始化

1️⃣ 发生初始化

package com.cty.reflection;

//测试类什么时候会初始化
public class Test5 {

    static {
        System.out.println("Main类被加载");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //1、主动引用
        Son son = new Son();

        //反射也会产生主动引用
        Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.Son");
    }

}

class Father{

    static int b = 2;

    static {
        System.out.println("父类被加载");
    }
}

class Son extends Father{
    static {
        System.out.println("子类被加载");
        m = 300;
    }
    static int m = 100;
    static final  int M = 1;
}

2️⃣ 不发生初始化

package com.cty.reflection;

//测试类什么时候会初始化
public class Test5 {

    static {
        System.out.println("Main类被加载");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //1、主动引用
//        Son son = new Son();

        //2、反射也会产生主动引用
//        Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.Son");

        //3、不会产生类的引用的方法
//        System.out.println(Son.b);
//        Son[] sons = new Son[5];
        System.out.println(Son.M);//父类也不加载

    }

}

class Father{

    static int b = 2;

    static {
        System.out.println("父类被加载");
    }
}

class Son extends Father{
    static {
        System.out.println("子类被加载");
        m = 300;
    }
    static int m = 100;
    static final  int M = 1;
}

12、类加载器的作用

package com.cty.reflection;

public class Test6 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //获取系统类的加载器
        ClassLoader classLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
        System.out.println(classLoader);

        //获取系统类加载器的父类加载器-->扩展类加载器
        ClassLoader parent = classLoader.getParent();
        System.out.println(parent);

        //获取扩展类加载器的父类加载器-->根加载器(c/c++)
        ClassLoader parent1 = parent.getParent();
        System.out.println(parent1);

        //测试当前类是哪个加载器加载的
        ClassLoader classLoader1 = Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.Test6").getClassLoader();
        System.out.println(classLoader1);

        //测试JDK内置的类是谁加载的
        classLoader1 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getClassLoader();
        System.out.println(classLoader1);

        //如何获得系统类加载器可以加载的路径
        System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.class.path"));

        //双亲委派机制
        //保证安全性，会优先用双亲的包
    }
}

13、获取运行时类的完整对象

package com.cty.reflection;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

//获得类的信息
public class Test7 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException {
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.User");

        //获得类的名字
        System.out.println(c1.getName());
        System.out.println(c1.getSimpleName());

        //获得类的属性
        Field[] fields = c1.getDeclaredFields();
        for (Field field : fields){
            System.out.println(field);
        }

        //获得指定属性的值
        Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
        System.out.println(name);

        //获得类的方法
        c1.getMethods();
        Method[] methods = c1.getMethods(); //获得本类及其父类的全部public方法
        for (Method method : methods){
            System.out.println("正常的" + method);
        }
        methods = c1.getDeclaredMethods();//获得本类的private 和 public 方法
        for (Method method : methods){
            System.out.println("getDeclaredMethods" + method);
        }

        //获得指定方法
        Method method1 = c1.getMethod("getName",null);
        Method method2= c1.getMethod("setName",String.class);
        System.out.println(method1);
        System.out.println(method2);

        //获得构造器
        Constructor[] constructors =  c1.getConstructors();
        for(Constructor constructor : constructors){
            System.out.println(constructor);
        }

        constructors = c1.getDeclaredConstructors();
        for(Constructor constructor : constructors){
            System.out.println("#" + constructor);
        }

        //获得指定的构造器
        Constructor constructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
        System.out.println("指定构造器" + constructor);
    }
}

14、有了Class对象，能做什么？

1️⃣调用指定方法

2️⃣ setAccessible

在这里插入图片描述

package com.cty.reflection;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

//动态创建对象， 通过反射
public class Test8 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, NoSuchFieldException {
        //获得class对象
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.User");

        //构造一个对象
        User user = (User) c1.newInstance();//本质上是调用了类的无参构造器
        System.out.println(user);

        //通过构造器创建对象
        Constructor constructor =  c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
        User user2 = (User) constructor.newInstance("cty",1,1);
        System.out.println(user2);

        //通过反射调用普通方法
        User user3 = (User) c1.newInstance();
        //通过反射获取一个方法
        Method setName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("setName", String.class);
        //invoke 激活
        setName.invoke(user3,"ccc");
        System.out.println(user3);

        //通过反射操作属性
        User user4 = (User) c1.newInstance();
        Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name");

        //不能直接操作私有属性，我们需要关闭程序的安全检测
        name.setAccessible(true);//关闭安全检测
        name.set(user4,"kc");
        System.out.println(user4.getName());
    }
}

三、性能对比分析

package com.cty.reflection;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

//分析性能问题
public class Test9 {
    //普通方式调用
    public static void test1(){
        User user = new User();

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
            user.getName();
        }

        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        System.out.println("普通方式执行10亿次：" + (endTime - startTime) + "ms");
    }
    //反射方式调用
    public static void test2() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
        User user = new User();
        Class c1 = user.getClass();
        Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName",null);

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
            getName.invoke(user);
        }

        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        System.out.println("反射方式执行10亿次：" + (endTime - startTime) + "ms");
    }
    //反射方式调用 关闭安全检测
    public static void test3() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
        User user = new User();
        Class c1 = user.getClass();
        Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName",null);
        getName.setAccessible(true);

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
            getName.invoke(user);
        }

        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        System.out.println("反色方式+关闭安全检测执行10亿次：" + (endTime - startTime) + "ms");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InvocationTargetException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException {
        test1();
        test2();
        test3();
    }
}

四、反射操作泛型

package com.cty.reflection;

import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

//通过反射获取泛型
public class Test10 {

    public void test1(Map<String, User> map, List<User> list){
        System.out.println("test1");
    }

    public Map<String, User> test2(){
        System.out.println("test2");
        return null;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException {
        Method method = Test10.class.getMethod("test1", Map.class, List.class);
        Type[] genericParameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();
        for (Type genericParameterType : genericParameterTypes){
            System.out.println("#" + genericParameterType);
            if(genericParameterType instanceof ParameterizedType){
                Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericParameterType).getActualTypeArguments();
                for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments){
                    System.out.println(actualTypeArgument);
                }
            }
        }
        System.out.println("______________________");

        method = Test10.class.getMethod("test2");
        Type geericReturnType = method.getGenericReturnType();
        if(geericReturnType instanceof ParameterizedType){
            Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) geericReturnType).getActualTypeArguments();
            for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments){
                System.out.println(actualTypeArgument);
            }
        }
    }
}

五、反射操作注解

在这里插入图片描述

package com.cty.reflection;

import java.lang.annotation.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;

//反射操作注解
public class Test11 {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException {
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.cty.reflection.Student2");
        //通过反射获得注解
        Annotation[] annotations = c1.getAnnotations();
        for (Annotation annotation : annotations){
            System.out.println(annotation);
        }

        //获得注解的value的值
        TableCty tableCty = (TableCty) c1.getAnnotation(TableCty.class);
        System.out.println(tableCty.value());

        //获得类指定的注解
        Field f = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
        FieldCty annotation = f.getAnnotation(FieldCty.class);
        System.out.println(annotation.columnName());
        System.out.println(annotation.type());
        System.out.println(annotation.length());
    }
}
@TableCty("db_student")
class Student2{
    @FieldCty(columnName = "da_id", type = "int", length = 10)
    private int id;
    @FieldCty(columnName = "da_age", type = "int", length = 10)
    private int age;
    @FieldCty(columnName = "da_name", type = "varchar", length = 3)
    private String name;

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Student2(int id, int age, String name) {
        this.id = id;
        this.age = age;
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student2{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }

    public Student2() {
    }
}

//类名的注解
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface TableCty{
    String value();
}

//属性的注解
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface FieldCty{
    String columnName();
    String type();
    int length();
}