OpenGL入门教程

引言

 到这里OpenGL入门教程就完结了。来看看我们最终可以做出的成品：

顶点着色器代码

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;	// 顶点位置
layout (location = 1) in vec2 texCoord;	// 顶点的纹理坐标

uniform mat4 model; 	  // 模型矩阵
uniform mat4 view;	      // 观察矩阵
uniform mat4 projection;  // 投影矩阵

// 定义输出变量（到片段着色器）
out vec2 TexCoord;	//	顶点的纹理坐标

void main()
{
    // 注意从右向左读（模型矩阵->观察矩阵->投影矩阵）
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(position, 1.0f);
    // 顶点的纹理坐标（由于图片是反的，所以纹理坐标的y值“取反”）
    TexCoord = vec2(texCoord.x , 1.0 - texCoord.y);
}

片段着色器代码

#version 330 core
// 来自顶点着色器的输入：纹理坐标
in vec2 TexCoord;

// 输出是每个片段的颜色
out vec4 color;

// 纹理采样器
uniform sampler2D ourTexture1;
uniform sampler2D ourTexture2;

void main()
{
	// 使用texture函数（参数为采样器和纹理坐标）得到采样颜色值，使用mix函数混合两个纹理采样的结果
	color = mix(texture(ourTexture1, TexCoord), texture(ourTexture2, TexCoord), 0.2);
}

着色器程序代码

#ifndef SHADER_H
#define SHADER_H

#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>

#include <GL/glew.h>

class Shader
{
public:
    GLuint Program;
    // 构造方法（参数分别是两个着色器的地址）
    Shader(const GLchar* vertexPath, const GLchar* fragmentPath)
    {
        // 1. 顶点着色器和片段着色器（文件操作）
        std::string vertexCode;
        std::string fragmentCode;
        std::ifstream vShaderFile;
        std::ifstream fShaderFile;
        // ensures ifstream objects can throw exceptions:
        vShaderFile.exceptions(std::ifstream::badbit);
        fShaderFile.exceptions(std::ifstream::badbit);
        try
        {
            // Open files
            vShaderFile.open(vertexPath);
            fShaderFile.open(fragmentPath);
            std::stringstream vShaderStream, fShaderStream;
            // Read file's buffer contents into streams
            vShaderStream << vShaderFile.rdbuf();
            fShaderStream << fShaderFile.rdbuf();
            // close file handlers
            vShaderFile.close();
            fShaderFile.close();
            // Convert stream into string
            vertexCode = vShaderStream.str();
            fragmentCode = fShaderStream.str();
        }
        // 打印错误信息
        catch (std::ifstream::failure e)
        {
            std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FILE_NOT_SUCCESFULLY_READ" << std::endl;
        }
        // 获取顶点着色器的源码
        const GLchar* vShaderCode = vertexCode.c_str();
        const GLchar* fShaderCode = fragmentCode.c_str();
        // 2. 编译着色器
        GLuint vertex, fragment;
        GLint success;
        GLchar infoLog[512];
        // 顶点着色器（创建着色器、绑定源码、编译源码）
        vertex = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
        glShaderSource(vertex, 1, &vShaderCode, NULL);
        glCompileShader(vertex);
        // Print compile errors if any
        glGetShaderiv(vertex, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
        if (!success)
        {
            glGetShaderInfoLog(vertex, 512, NULL, infoLog);
            std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
        }
        // 片段着色器（同上）
        fragment = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
        glShaderSource(fragment, 1, &fShaderCode, NULL);
        glCompileShader(fragment);
        // Print compile errors if any
        glGetShaderiv(fragment, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
        if (!success)
        {
            glGetShaderInfoLog(fragment, 512, NULL, infoLog);
            std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
        }
        
        // 着色器程序（添加着色器、链接着色器）
        this->Program = glCreateProgram();
        glAttachShader(this->Program, vertex);
        glAttachShader(this->Program, fragment);
        glLinkProgram(this->Program);
        // 检查着色器链接是否成功
        glGetProgramiv(this->Program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
        if (!success)
        {
            glGetProgramInfoLog(this->Program, 512, NULL, infoLog);
            std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
        }
        // 删除着色器
        glDeleteShader(vertex);
        glDeleteShader(fragment);

    }
    // 使用着色器
    void Use()
    {
        glUseProgram(this->Program);
    }
};

#endif

摄像机类代码

#pragma once

// Std. Includes
#include <vector>

// GL Includes
#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

// 常量指定摄像机的移动按键
enum Camera_Movement {
    FORWARD,
    BACKWARD,
    LEFT,
    RIGHT
};

// 这里定义摄像机一些属性的初始值
// 摄像机旋转的两个值
const GLfloat YAW = -90.0f;
const GLfloat PITCH = 0.0f;
// 摄像机移动速度
const GLfloat SPEED = 3.0f;
// 摄像机旋转速度
const GLfloat SENSITIVTY = 0.25f;
// 摄像机角度（关乎远近）
const GLfloat ZOOM = 45.0f;

// An abstract camera class that processes input and calculates the corresponding Eular Angles, Vectors and Matrices for use in OpenGL
class Camera
{
public:
    // 摄像机的位置、方向、上向量、右向量、世界上向量
    glm::vec3 Position;
    glm::vec3 Front;
    glm::vec3 Up;
    glm::vec3 Right;
    glm::vec3 WorldUp;
    // 旋转角度
    GLfloat Yaw;
    GLfloat Pitch;
    // 移动速度和旋转速度
    GLfloat MovementSpeed;
    GLfloat MouseSensitivity;
    // 摄像机的视野(fov)
    GLfloat Zoom;

    // 无参构造函数将使用定义的全局变量值对摄像机对象的所有属性进行初始化
    Camera(glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3 up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f), GLfloat yaw = YAW, GLfloat pitch = PITCH) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVTY), Zoom(ZOOM)
    {
        this->Position = position;
        this->WorldUp = up;
        this->Yaw = yaw;
        this->Pitch = pitch;
        this->updateCameraVectors();
    }
    // 有参构造函数接收的参数：摄像机位置、摄像机的上向量、摄像机的旋转角度
    Camera(GLfloat posX, GLfloat posY, GLfloat posZ, GLfloat upX, GLfloat upY, GLfloat upZ, GLfloat yaw, GLfloat pitch) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVTY), Zoom(ZOOM)
    {
        this->Position = glm::vec3(posX, posY, posZ);
        this->WorldUp = glm::vec3(upX, upY, upZ);
        this->Yaw = yaw;
        this->Pitch = pitch;
        this->updateCameraVectors();
    }
    // 根据摄像机位置、朝向、上向量生成其对应的观察矩阵
    glm::mat4 GetViewMatrix()
    {
        return glm::lookAt(this->Position, this->Position + this->Front, this->Up);
    }
    // 当按下某一个键时，根据按键和帧时间进行移动（移动摄像机的位置）
    void ProcessKeyboard(Camera_Movement direction, GLfloat deltaTime)
    {
        GLfloat velocity = this->MovementSpeed * deltaTime;
        if (direction == FORWARD)
            this->Position += this->Front * velocity;
        if (direction == BACKWARD)
            this->Position -= this->Front * velocity;
        if (direction == LEFT)
            this->Position -= this->Right * velocity;
        if (direction == RIGHT)
            this->Position += this->Right * velocity;
    }
    // 当鼠标移动时，根据横纵坐标差值移动摄像机的朝向，可以设置是否限制角度
    void ProcessMouseMovement(GLfloat xoffset, GLfloat yoffset, GLboolean constrainPitch = true)
    {
        xoffset *= this->MouseSensitivity;
        yoffset *= this->MouseSensitivity;

        this->Yaw += xoffset;
        this->Pitch += yoffset;

        // Make sure that when pitch is out of bounds, screen doesn't get flipped
        if (constrainPitch)
        {
            if (this->Pitch > 89.0f)
                this->Pitch = 89.0f;
            if (this->Pitch < -89.0f)
                this->Pitch = -89.0f;
        }

        // 更新摄像机状态
        this->updateCameraVectors();
    }

    // 根据鼠标滚轮的缩放信息调整视野fov的大小
    void ProcessMouseScroll(GLfloat yoffset)
    {
        // 鼠标滚动数值太大因此缩小一些
        yoffset = yoffset * 0.1f;
        if (this->Zoom >= 1.0f && this->Zoom <= 45.0f)
            this->Zoom -= yoffset;
        if (this->Zoom <= 1.0f)
            this->Zoom = 1.0f;
        if (this->Zoom >= 45.0f)
            this->Zoom = 45.0f;
    }

private:
    // 更新摄像机状态（使用Yaw、Pitch、WorldUp,得到Front、Right、Up）
    void updateCameraVectors()
    {
        // 根据旋转信息Yaw和Pitch计算摄像机的朝向
        glm::vec3 front;
        front.x = cos(glm::radians(this->Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(this->Pitch));
        front.y = sin(glm::radians(this->Pitch));
        front.z = sin(glm::radians(this->Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(this->Pitch));
        this->Front = glm::normalize(front);
        // 使用摄像机朝向和世界上向量计算摄像机右朝向
        this->Right = glm::normalize(glm::cross(this->Front, this->WorldUp));
        // 使用摄像机朝向和右向量计算摄像机上向量
        this->Up = glm::normalize(glm::cross(this->Right, this->Front));
    }
};在这里插入代码片

主程序代码

// 标准输出
#include <string>

// GLEW
#define GLEW_STATIC
#include <GL/glew.h>

// GLFW
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

// 着色器类和摄像机类
#include "Shader.h"
#include "Camera.h"

// GLM 数学库
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

// 图片数据读取库
#include <SOIL.h>

// 定义窗口大小
GLuint screenWidth = 800, screenHeight = 600;

// GLFW窗口需要注册的函数
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
// 处理摄像机位置移动的函数
void Do_Movement();

// 定义摄像机
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
// 定义数组存储按键信息
bool keys[1024];
// 
GLfloat lastX = 400, lastY = 300;
bool firstMouse = true;

GLfloat deltaTime = 0.0f;
GLfloat lastFrame = 0.0f;

// The MAIN function, from here we start our application and run our Game loop
int main()
{
    // 初始化GLFW 
    glfwInit();
    // 设置glfw使用的OpenGL版本
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    // 设置使用OpenGL的核心模式
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
    // 设置窗口大小可改变性 为不可变
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GL_FALSE);
    // GLFW会自动创建一个每像素4个子采样点的深度和样本缓冲。这也意味着所有缓冲的大小都增长了4倍。
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_SAMPLES, 4);

    // 创建GLFW的窗口
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(screenWidth, screenHeight, "LearnOpenGL", nullptr, nullptr); 
    // 设置window窗口线程为主线程
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);

    // 注册窗口的事件
    glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);         // 按键检测
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback); // 鼠标移动检测 
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);   // 滚轮滑动检测

    // 设置隐藏光标模式
    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

    // 设置GLEW为更现代的模式
    glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
    // 初始化GLEW
    glewInit();

    // 设置视口的位置和大小（位置是相对于窗口左下角的）
    glViewport(0, 0, screenWidth, screenHeight);

    // 开启深度测试功能
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    // 根据顶点着色器和片段着色器位置创建着色器程序
    Shader ourShader("C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Shader\\vertexShader.txt", "C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Shader\\fragmentShader.txt");

    // 顶点数据（位置+纹理坐标）
    GLfloat vertices[] = {
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
    };
    // 每个立方体摆放的位置（在世界坐标系中）
    glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
        glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
        glm::vec3(2.0f, 5.0f, -15.0f),
        glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
        glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
        glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
        glm::vec3(-1.7f, 3.0f, -7.5f),
        glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
        glm::vec3(1.5f, 2.0f, -2.5f),
        glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.2f, -1.5f),
        glm::vec3(-1.3f, 1.0f, -1.5f)
    };

    // 设置VBO和VAO
    GLuint VBO, VAO;
    // 先申请VAO和VBO的显存
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
    // 绑定VAO
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);
    // 绑定VBO
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    // 将顶点数据传输到显存中
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    // 位置数据解析
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    // 纹理坐标解析
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    glBindVertexArray(0); // 解绑VAO

    // 加载纹理
    GLuint texture1;
    GLuint texture2;
    // 纹理一,申请显存
    glGenTextures(1, &texture1);
    // 绑定纹理到对应类型上
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1); 
    // 设置对应类型的环绕方式
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    // 设置对应类型的过滤方式
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    // 加载纹理图片
    int width, height;
    unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image("C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Resource\\container.jpg", &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
    // 将纹理图片数组绑定到对应类型上
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
    // 对应纹理类型生产多级渐远纹理纹理
    glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    // 释放加载图片的内存并解绑纹理
    SOIL_free_image_data(image);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); // Unbind texture when done, so we won't accidentily mess up our texture.
    
    // 纹理二，同上
    glGenTextures(1, &texture2);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
    // Set our texture parameters
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    // Set texture filtering
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    // Load, create texture and generate mipmaps
    image = SOIL_load_image("C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Resource\\awesomeface.png", &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
    glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    SOIL_free_image_data(image);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);

    // 游戏循环
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // 计算帧相差时间
        GLfloat currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        // 窗口的事件检测
        glfwPollEvents();
        // 根据事件移动摄像机
        Do_Movement();

        // 设置清空屏幕颜色缓存所使用颜色
        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
        // 清空 屏幕颜色缓存、深度缓存
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // 使用着色器程序
        ourShader.Use();

        // 激活纹理单元0
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        // 将纹理texture1绑定到纹理单元0和GL_TEXTURE_2D    
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
        // 设置着色器中ourTexture1的纹理单元为0
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "ourTexture1"), 0);
        // 激活纹理单元1（同上）
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "ourTexture2"), 1);

        // 创建观察矩阵（ 只要创建矩阵记得初始化=glm::mat4(1.0f) ）
        glm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        // 获取观察矩阵（根据摄像机的状态）
        view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        // 创建投影矩阵
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        // 计算投影矩阵（fov视野为摄像机的属性camera.Zoom）
        projection = glm::perspective(camera.Zoom, (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight, 0.1f, 1000.0f);
        // 计算顶点着色器中矩阵的位置值
        GLint modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "model");
        GLint viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "view");
        GLint projLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "projection");
        // 将观察矩阵和投影矩阵传入对应的位置（记得转换）
        glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(projLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));

        // 绑定VAO
        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        // 绘制10个立方体
        for (GLuint i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            // 创建模型矩阵
            glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
            // 根据立方体在世界坐标系中的位置坐标cubePosition计算模型矩阵
            model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
            // 给每个立方体一个旋转角度
            GLfloat angle = 20.0f * i;
            // 再根据旋转角度计算模型矩阵（变换顺序：缩放、旋转、位移，代码执行逻辑相反）
            model = glm::rotate(model, angle, glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
            // 要绘制每一个立方体时传入对应的模型矩阵
            glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
            // 进行立方体绘制（绘制的图元是三角形GL_TRIANGLES，从顶点数组0号数据开始绘制，共有36个顶点）
            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        }
        // 解绑VAO
        glBindVertexArray(0);
        // 交换前后缓冲区
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
    }
    // 释放VAO和VBO的显存
    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
    // 释放glfw的内存
    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

// 根据按键信息移动摄像机
void Do_Movement()
{
    // 如果某个键按下，就执行摄像机对应的方法（更新摄像机的位置）
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_W])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_S])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_A])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_D])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

// 按键回调函数
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode)
{
    // 如果按下ESE则设置窗口应该关闭
    if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE);
    if (key >= 0 && key < 1024)
    {
        // 如果按下某一个键，则设置其keys为true,如果松开则设置回false
        if (action == GLFW_PRESS)
            keys[key] = true;
        else if (action == GLFW_RELEASE)
            keys[key] = false;
    }
}

// 鼠标移动的回调函数
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
    // 第一次进窗口鼠标坐标很大，所以第一次调用函数我们需要把它设置为一个正常的值
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    // 计算鼠标在竖直方向和水平方向的偏移（屏幕坐标系往右x大，但往下是y大，所以运算顺序不同）
    GLfloat xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    GLfloat yoffset = lastY - ypos;  // Reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to left

    // 更新鼠标的坐标
    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    // 调用摄像机的鼠标移动函数（根据位置偏移更新摄像机方式）
    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// 鼠标滚动的回调函数
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    // 调用摄像机的鼠标滚动函数（根据位置偏移更新摄像机fov视野大小）
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}