文章目录
Wallis（华里士）公式/点火公式
∫
0
π
2
cos
n
t
d
t
=
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
t
d
t
=
{
(
2
k
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
k
)
!
!
π
2
,
n
=
2
k
,
(
2
k
)
!
!
(
2
k
+
1
)
!
!
,
n
=
2
k
+
1.
{\int_0^{\frac\pi2}\cos^nt\mathrm{d}t=\int_0^{\frac\pi2}\sin^nt\mathrm{d}t}=\begin{cases}\frac{(2k-1)!!}{(2k)!!}\frac\pi2,\quad n=2k,\\\\\frac{(2k)!!}{(2k+1)!!},\quad n=2k+1.&\end{cases}
∫02πcosntdt=∫02πsinntdt=⎩
⎨
⎧(2k)!!(2k−1)!!2π,n=2k,(2k+1)!!(2k)!!,n=2k+1.
当
n
=
1
时
,
\text{当}\mathfrak{n}=1\text{时},
当n=1时,
∫
0
π
2
sin
x
d
x
=
∫
0
π
2
cos
x
d
x
=
1
\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin xdx=\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos xdx=1
∫02πsinxdx=∫02πcosxdx=1
推广
∫
0
π
sin
n
x
d
x
=
2
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
\int_0^\pi\sin^n\mathrm{x}\mathrm{dx}=2\int_0^{\frac\pi2}\sin^n\mathrm{x}\mathrm{dx}
∫0πsinnxdx=2∫02πsinnxdx
∫
0
π
cos
n
x
d
x
=
{
2
∫
0
π
2
cos
n
x
d
x
,
n
为偶数
0
,
n
为奇数
\int_0^\pi\cos^nxdx=\begin{cases}2\int_0^{\frac\pi2}\cos^nxdx,&n\text{为偶数}\\0,&n\text{为奇数}\end{cases}
∫0πcosnxdx={2∫02πcosnxdx,0,n为偶数n为奇数
∫ 0 2 π sin n x d x = ∫ 0 2 π cos n x d x = { 4 ∫ 0 π 2 sin n x d x , n 为偶数 0 , n 为奇数 \int_0^{2\pi}\sin^nxdx=\int_0^{2\pi}\cos^nxdx=\begin{cases}4\int_0^{\frac\pi2}\sin^nxdx,&n\text{为偶数}\\0,&n\text{为奇数}\end{cases} ∫02πsinnxdx=∫02πcosnxdx={4∫02πsinnxdx,0,n为偶数n为奇数
区间再现公式
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
a
b
f
(
a
+
b
−
x
)
d
x
\int_a^bf\left(x\right)\mathrm{d}x=\int_a^bf\left(a+b-x\right)\mathrm{d}x
∫abf(x)dx=∫abf(a+b−x)dx
证明：
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
→
令
x
=
a
+
b
−
t
∫
b
a
f
(
a
+
b
−
t
)
(
−
1
)
d
t
=
−
∫
b
a
f
(
a
+
b
−
t
)
d
t
=
∫
a
b
f
(
a
+
b
−
t
)
d
t
=
∫
a
b
f
(
a
+
b
−
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int_a^bf(x)dx&\xrightarrow{令 x=a+b{-t}}\int_b^af(a+b-t)(-1)dt=-\int_b^af(a+b-t)dt\\&=\int_a^bf(a+b-t)dt=\int_a^bf(a+b-x)dx\end{aligned}
∫abf(x)dx令x=a+b−t∫baf(a+b−t)(−1)dt=−∫baf(a+b−t)dt=∫abf(a+b−t)dt=∫abf(a+b−x)dx
推论
∫ a b f ( x ) d x = 1 2 ∫ a b ( f ( x ) + f ( a + b − x ) ) d x \int_{a}^{b}f(x)dx=\frac{1}{2}\int_{a}^{b}(f(x)+f(a+b-x))dx ∫abf(x)dx=21∫ab(f(x)+f(a+b−x))dx
∫
0
π
x
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
=
π
2
∫
0
π
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
=
π
∫
0
π
2
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
\int_0^\pi xf(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\pi}{2}\int_0^\pi f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x=\pi\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x
∫0πxf(sinx)dx=2π∫0πf(sinx)dx=π∫02πf(sinx)dx
∫
−
a
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
a
[
f
(
x
)
+
f
(
−
x
)
]
d
x
\int_{-a}^{a}f(x)dx=\int_{0}^{a}[f(x)+f(-x)]dx
∫−aaf(x)dx=∫0a[f(x)+f(−x)]dx
∫
0
π
2
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
π
2
f
(
cos
x
)
d
x
\int_0^{\frac\pi2}f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x=\int_0^{\frac\pi2}f(\cos x)\mathrm{d}x
∫02πf(sinx)dx=∫02πf(cosx)dx
stolz(施笃兹)定理
设 { x n } \{x_n\} {xn}, { y n } \{y_n\} {yn}为数列，且 { y n } \{y_n\} {yn}严格单调地趋于 + ∞ +\infty +∞,如果
lim n → ∞ x n − x n − 1 y n − y n − 1 = A \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{x_n-x_{n-1}}{y_n-y_{n-1}}=A n→∞limyn−yn−1xn−xn−1=A
则
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
y
n
=
A
\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{x_n}{y_n}=A
n→∞limynxn=A
设数列 { y n } \{y_n\} {yn}严格单调递减趋于0，数列 { x n } \{x_n\} {xn}也收敛到0.如果
lim n → ∞ x n − x n − 1 y n − y n − 1 = A \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{x_n-x_{n-1}}{y_n-y_{n-1}}=A n→∞limyn−yn−1xn−xn−1=A
则
lim n → ∞ x n y n = A \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{x_n}{y_n}=A n→∞limynxn=A
重要极限推论
lim
x
→
x
0
(
1
+
f
(
x
)
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
e
g
(
x
)
ln
(
1
+
f
(
x
)
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
e
g
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
\lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}\left( 1+f\left( x \right) \right) ^{g\left( x \right)}=\lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}e^{g\left( x \right) \ln \left( 1+f\left( x \right) \right)}=\lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}e^{g\left( x \right) f\left( x \right)}
x→x0lim(1+f(x))g(x)=x→x0limeg(x)ln(1+f(x))=x→x0limeg(x)f(x)
其中
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
=
0
,
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
=
∞
\lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}f\left( x \right) =0,\lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}g\left( x \right) =\infty
x→x0limf(x)=0,x→x0limg(x)=∞
特殊的分部积分
∫
e
a
x
sin
b
x
d
x
=
1
a
2
+
b
2
∣
d
d
x
e
a
x
d
d
x
sin
b
x
e
a
x
sin
b
x
∣
+
C
=
a
s
i
n
(
b
x
)
−
b
c
o
s
(
b
x
)
a
2
+
b
2
e
a
x
+
C
\int e^{ax}\sin bxdx=\frac1{a^2+b^2}\begin{vmatrix}\frac d{dx}e^{ax}&\frac d{dx}\sin bx\\e^{ax}&\sin bx\end{vmatrix}+C=\frac{asin\left(bx\right)-bcos\left(bx\right)}{a^2+b^2}e^{ax}+C
∫eaxsinbxdx=a2+b21
dxdeaxeaxdxdsinbxsinbx
+C=a2+b2asin(bx)−bcos(bx)eax+C
∫
e
a
x
cos
b
x
d
x
=
1
a
2
+
b
2
∣
d
d
x
e
a
x
d
d
x
cos
b
x
e
a
x
cos
b
x
∣
+
C
=
b
s
i
n
(
b
x
)
+
a
c
o
s
(
b
x
)
a
2
+
b
2
e
a
x
+
C
\left.\int e^{ax}\cos bxdx=\frac{1}{a^2+b^2}\left|\begin{array}{cc}\frac{d}{dx}e^{ax}&\frac{d}{dx}\cos bx\\e^{ax}&\cos bx\end{array}\right.\right|+C=\frac{bsin\left(bx\right)+acos\left(bx\right)}{a^2+b^2}e^{ax}+C
∫eaxcosbxdx=a2+b21
dxdeaxeaxdxdcosbxcosbx
+C=a2+b2bsin(bx)+acos(bx)eax+C
表格法
∫
u
ν
(
n
+
1
)
d
x
=
u
ν
(
n
)
−
u
′
ν
(
n
−
1
)
+
u
′
′
ν
(
n
−
2
)
−
u
′
′
′
ν
(
n
−
3
)
+
Λ
+
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
∫
u
(
n
+
1
)
ν
d
x
\int u\nu^{(n+1)}dx=u\nu^{(n)}-u^{\prime}\nu^{(n-1)}+u^{\prime\prime}\nu^{(n-2)}-u^{\prime\prime\prime}\nu^{(n-3)}+\Lambda+(-1)^{n+1}\int u^{(n+1)}\nu dx
∫uν(n+1)dx=uν(n)−u′ν(n−1)+u′′ν(n−2)−u′′′ν(n−3)+Λ+(−1)n+1∫u(n+1)νdx
例题
∫
e
2
x
x
3
d
x
\int e^{2x}x^3dx
∫e2xx3dx
数列累加极限转换为定积分
lim
n
→
∞
∑
i
=
1
n
f
(
i
n
)
1
n
=
∫
0
1
f
(
x
)
d
x
\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{i=1}^nf(\frac in)\frac1n=\int_0^1f(x)dx
n→∞limi=1∑nf(ni)n1=∫01f(x)dx
一般形式
lim
n
→
∞
b
−
a
n
∑
i
=
1
n
f
(
a
+
b
−
a
n
i
)
=
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{b-a}n\sum_{i=1}^{n}f(a+\frac{b-a}ni)=\int_{a}^{b}f\left(x\right)\mathrm{d}x
n→∞limnb−ai=1∑nf(a+nb−ai)=∫abf(x)dx
或者
lim
n
→
∞
b
−
a
n
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
f
(
a
+
b
−
a
n
i
)
=
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\frac{b-a}{n}\sum\limits_{i=0}^{n-1}f\left(a+\frac{b-a}{n}i\right)=\int_{a}^{b}f\left(x\right)\mathrm{d}x
n→∞limnb−ai=0∑n−1f(a+nb−ai)=∫abf(x)dx
求渐近线
- 渐近线的定义
若曲线y=f(x)上的动点 M 沿曲线无限地远离原点时，点M与某固定的直线L的距离趋向于0，则L是y=f(x)的渐近线。
- 渐近线的分类
- 水平渐近线
若
lim
x
→
∞
f
(
x
)
=
b
\lim_{x\to\infty}f(x)=b
limx→∞f(x)=b,则曲线y=f(x)有水平渐近线 y= b
(即先考虑
x
→
±
∞
x\rightarrow\pm\infty
x→±∞ 时是否存在极限，来判定水平渐近线)
- 垂直渐近线(铅直渐近线)
若
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
=
∞
\lim_{x\to x_{0}}f(x)=\infty
limx→x0f(x)=∞,则曲线
y
=
f
(
x
)
y=f(x)
y=f(x)有垂直(铅直)渐近线
x
=
x
0
x=x_{0}
x=x0
(即再考虑
x
→
x
0
+
x\to x_{0}^+
x→x0+或
x
→
x
0
−
x\to x_{0}^-
x→x0−。时是否极限为无穷，一般该
x
0
x_{0}
x0为无定义点或其它)
- 斜渐近线
若 lim x → ∞ f ( x ) x = a ≠ 0 , lim x → ∞ [ f ( x ) − a x ] = b , 则 y = a x + b 为 y = f ( x ) 的一条斜渐近线 \text{若}\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{f(x)}{x}=a\neq0,\lim_{x\to\infty}\left[f(x)-ax\right]=b,\\ 则y=ax+b\text{ 为 }y=f(x)\text{的一条斜渐近线} 若x→∞limxf(x)=a=0,x→∞lim[f(x)−ax]=b,则y=ax+b 为 y=f(x)的一条斜渐近线
- 一些有关渐近线的技巧
-
若y=f(x)的每一点都有定义，则无垂直渐近线
-
水平+斜渐近线 ≤ 2 \leq2 ≤2条(斜渐近线也可能有2条)
-
垂直渐近线可能有无穷多条 ( y = tan x ) (y=\tan x) (y=tanx)
积化和差与和差化积
积化和差
sin
α
cos
β
=
1
2
[
sin
(
α
+
β
)
+
sin
(
α
−
β
)
]
cos
α
sin
β
=
1
2
[
sin
(
α
+
β
)
−
sin
(
α
−
β
)
]
cos
α
cos
β
=
1
2
[
cos
(
α
+
β
)
+
cos
(
α
−
β
)
]
sin
α
sin
β
=
−
1
2
[
cos
(
α
+
β
)
−
cos
(
α
−
β
)
]
\begin{gathered} \sin\alpha\cos\beta=\frac12[\sin(\alpha+\beta)+\sin(\alpha-\beta)] \\ \cos\alpha\sin\beta=\frac12[\sin(\alpha+\beta)-\sin(\alpha-\beta)] \\ \cos\alpha\cos\beta=\frac12[\cos(\alpha+\beta)+\cos(\alpha-\beta)] \\ \sin\alpha\sin\beta=-\frac{1}{2}[\cos(\alpha+\beta)-\cos(\alpha-\beta)] \end{gathered}
sinαcosβ=21[sin(α+β)+sin(α−β)]cosαsinβ=21[sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)]cosαcosβ=21[cos(α+β)+cos(α−β)]sinαsinβ=−21[cos(α+β)−cos(α−β)]
和差化积
帅+帅=帅哥, ( sin α + sin β = 2 sin α + β 2 cos α − β 2 ) 帅-帅=哥帅 , ( sin α − sin β = 2 cos α + β 2 sin α − β 2 ) 哥+哥=哥哥, ( cos α + cos β = 2 cos α + β 2 cos α − β 2 ) 哥-哥=负嫂嫂， ( cos α − cos β = − 2 sin α + β 2 sin α − β 2 ) \begin{gathered} \text{帅+帅=帅哥,}(\sin\alpha+\sin\beta=2\sin\frac{\alpha+\beta}2{\cos\frac{\alpha-\beta}2}) \\ \text{帅-帅=哥帅},(\sin\alpha-\sin\beta=2\cos\frac{\alpha+\beta}2{\sin\frac{\alpha-\beta}2}) \\ \text{哥+哥=哥哥,}(\cos\alpha+\cos\beta=2\cos\frac{\alpha+\beta}2{\cos\frac{\alpha-\beta}2}) \\ \text{哥-哥=负嫂嫂，}(\cos\alpha-\cos\beta=-2\sin\frac{\alpha+\beta}2\sin\frac{\alpha-\beta}2) \end{gathered} 帅+帅=帅哥,(sinα+sinβ=2sin2α+βcos2α−β)帅-帅=哥帅,(sinα−sinβ=2cos2α+βsin2α−β)哥+哥=哥哥,(cosα+cosβ=2cos2α+βcos2α−β)哥-哥=负嫂嫂，(cosα−cosβ=−2sin2α+βsin2α−β)
导数公式
(
1
)
(
C
)
′
=
0
\left(1\right)\left(C\right)^{\prime}=0
(1)(C)′=0,
(
2
)
(
x
μ
)
′
=
μ
x
μ
−
1
\left(2\right)\left(x^{\mu}\right)^{\prime}=\mu x^{\mu-1}
(2)(xμ)′=μxμ−1,
(
3
)
(
sin
x
)
′
=
cos
x
,
(3)\left(\sin x\right)^{\prime}=\cos x\:,
(3)(sinx)′=cosx,
(
4
)
(
cos
x
)
′
=
−
sin
x
(4)\left(\cos x\right)^{\prime}=-\sin x\:
(4)(cosx)′=−sinx,
(
5
)
(
tan
x
)
′
=
sec
2
x
(5)(\tan x)^{\prime}=\sec^2x
(5)(tanx)′=sec2x ,
(
6
)
(
cot
x
)
′
=
−
csc
2
x
(6)(\cot x)^{\prime}=-\csc^2x
(6)(cotx)′=−csc2x ,
(
7
)
(
sec
x
)
′
=
sec
x
tan
x
,
(7)(\sec x)^{\prime}=\sec x\tan x,
(7)(secx)′=secxtanx,
(
8
)
(
csc
x
)
′
=
−
csc
x
cot
x
(8)(\csc x)^{\prime}=-\csc x\cot x
(8)(cscx)′=−cscxcotx,
(
9
)
(
a
x
)
′
=
a
x
ln
a
,
(9)\left(a^{x}\right)^{\prime}=a^{x}\ln a,
(9)(ax)′=axlna,
(
10
)
(
e
x
)
′
=
e
x
(10)\left(e^{x}\right)^{\prime}=e^{x}
(10)(ex)′=ex,
(
11
)
(
log
a
x
)
′
=
1
x
ln
a
,
(11)\left(\log_{a}x\right)^{\prime}=\frac{1}{x\ln a},
(11)(logax)′=xlna1,
(
12
)
(
ln
x
)
′
=
1
x
(12)\left(\ln x\right)^{\prime}=\frac{1}{x}
(12)(lnx)′=x1,
(
13
)
(
arcsin
x
)
′
=
1
1
−
x
2
\left(13\right)\left(\arcsin x\right)^{\prime}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}
(13)(arcsinx)′=1−x21,
(
14
)
(
arccos
x
)
′
=
−
1
1
−
x
2
\left(14\right)\left(\arccos x\right)^{\prime}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}
(14)(arccosx)′=−1−x21,
(
15
)
(
arctan
x
)
′
=
1
1
+
x
2
(15)\left(\arctan x\right)^{\prime}=\frac{1}{1+x^{2}}
(15)(arctanx)′=1+x21,
(
16
)
(
arctan
x
)
′
=
−
1
1
+
x
2
.
(16)(\arctan x)^{\prime}=-\frac{1}{1+x^{2}}.
(16)(arctanx)′=−1+x21.
等价无穷小
当 x → 0 时, sin x ∼ x 1 − cos x ∼ 1 2 x 2 tan x ∼ x arctan x ∼ x a r c s i n x ∼ x a x − 1 ∼ x ln a ln ( 1 + x ) ∼ x ( 1 + β x ) α − 1 ∼ a β x log d ( 1 + x ) ∼ x ln a x − sin x ∼ x 3 6 a x − 1 ∼ x ln a ln ( 1 + x ) ∼ x 1 + x − 1 − x ∼ x ( 1 + a x ) b − 1 ∼ a b x 1 + a x b − 1 ∼ a b x \begin{aligned} \text{当}x\to0\text{ 时,} \\ &\sin x\sim x \\ &1-\cos x\sim{\frac{1}{2}}x^{2} \\ &\tan x\sim x \\ &\arctan x\sim x \\ &arcsinx\sim x \\ &a^{x}-1\sim x\ln a \\ &\ln(1+x)\sim x \\ &(1+\beta x)^{\alpha}-1\sim a\beta x \\ &\log_{d}(1+\mathbf{x})\sim{\frac{x}{\ln a}} \\ &x-\sin x\sim{\frac{x^{3}}{6}} \\ &a^x-1\sim x\ln a \\ &\ln(1+x)\sim x \\ &\sqrt{1+x}-\sqrt{1-x}\sim x \\ &\left(1+ax\right)^b-1\sim abx \\ &\sqrt[b]{1+ax}-1\sim\frac abx \end{aligned} 当x→0 时,sinx∼x1−cosx∼21x2tanx∼xarctanx∼xarcsinx∼xax−1∼xlnaln(1+x)∼x(1+βx)α−1∼aβxlogd(1+x)∼lnaxx−sinx∼6x3ax−1∼xlnaln(1+x)∼x1+x−1−x∼x(1+ax)b−1∼abxb1+ax−1∼bax
泰勒公式
e x = l + x + x 2 2 ! + x 3 3 ! + x 4 4 ! + o ( x 4 ) ln ( 1 + x ) = x − x 2 2 + x 3 3 − x 4 4 + o ( x 4 ) 1 1 − x = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + o ( x 4 ) 1 1 + x = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 + o ( x 4 ) ( 1 + x ) a = 1 + a x + a ( a − 1 ) 2 ! x 2 + a ( a − 1 ) ( a − 2 ) 3 ! x 3 + o ( x 3 ) sin x = x − x 3 3 ! + x 5 5 ! + o ( x 5 ) cos x = 1 − x 2 2 ! + x 4 4 ! + o ( x 4 ) tan x = x + x 3 3 + 2 x 5 15 + o ( x 5 ) a r c s i n x = x + x 3 3 ! + o ( x 3 ) arctan x = x − x 3 3 + x 5 5 + o ( x 5 ) \begin{aligned} &\mathbf{e}^{x}=\mathbf{l}+\mathbf{x}+{\frac{\mathbf{x}^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac{\mathbf{x}^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac{\mathbf{x}^{4}}{4!}}+o\left(x^{4}\right) \\ &\ln(1+x)=x-{\frac{\mathbf{x}^{2}}{2}}+{\frac{\mathbf{x}^{3}}{3}}-{\frac{\mathbf{x}^{4}}{4}}+o\left(x^{4}\right) \\ &\frac{1}{1-x}=1+x+x^{2}+\mathbf{x}^{3}+\mathbf{x}^{4}+o\left(x^{4}\right) \\ &\frac{1}{1+x}=1-x+x^{2}-x^{3}+x^{4}+o\left(x^{4}\right) \\ &\left(1+x\right)^a=1+ax+\frac{a(a-1)}{2!}x^2+\frac{a(a-1)(a-2)}{3!}x^3+o\left(x^3\right) \\ &\sin\mathbf{x}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{x}-{\frac{\mathbf{x}^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac{\mathbf{x}^{5}}{5!}}+o{\big(}x^{5}{\big)} \\ &\cos\mathbf{x}\:=\:\mathbf{1}\:-\:\frac{\mathbf{x}^{2}}{2!}\:+\:\frac{\mathbf{x}^{4}}{4!}\:+\:o\:\left(\:x^{4}\:\right) \\ &\tan\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{x}+{\frac{\mathbf{x}^{3}}{3}}+{\frac{2\mathbf{x}^{5}}{15}}+o\left(x^{5}\right) \\ &\mathrm{arcsin~x=x+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}}+o\left(x^{3}\right) \\ &\arctan\mathbf{x}\mathbf{=x}-\frac{\mathbf{x}^{3}}{3}+\frac{\mathbf{x}^{5}}{5}+o\left(x^{5}\right) \end{aligned} ex=l+x+2!x2+3!x3+4!x4+o(x4)ln(1+x)=x−2x2+3x3−4x4+o(x4)1−x1=1+x+x2+x3+x4+o(x4)1+x1=1−x+x2−x3+x4+o(x4)(1+x)a=1+ax+2!a(a−1)x2+3!a(a−1)(a−2)x3+o(x3)sinx=x−3!x3+5!x5+o(x5)cosx=1−2!x2+4!x4+o(x4)tanx=x+3x3+152x5+o(x5)arcsin x=x+3!x3+o(x3)arctanx=x−3x3+5x5+o(x5)
变限积分函数求导
- 最常见的变限积分函数求导
当被积函数里面只有t变量时，求导公式就是下面的几种
(
1
)
(
∫
a
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
)
′
=
f
(
x
)
(
2
)
(
∫
a
u
(
x
)
f
(
t
)
d
t
)
′
=
f
(
u
(
x
)
)
u
′
(
x
)
(
3
)
(
∫
ν
(
x
)
b
f
(
t
)
d
t
)
′
=
−
f
(
ν
(
x
)
)
ν
′
(
x
)
(
4
)
(
∫
ν
(
x
)
u
(
x
)
f
(
t
)
d
t
)
′
=
f
(
u
(
x
)
)
u
′
(
x
)
−
f
(
v
(
x
)
)
v
′
(
x
)
\begin{aligned} &(1)(\int_a^xf(t)dt)^{\prime}=f(x) \\ &(2)(\int_a^{u(x)}f(t)dt)^{\prime}=f(u(x))u^{\prime}(x) \\ &(3)(\int_{\nu(x)}^bf(t)dt)^{\prime}=-f(\nu(x))\nu^{\prime}(x) \\ &(4)\left(\int_{\nu(x)}^{u(x)}f(t)dt\right)^{\prime}=f(u(x))u^{\prime}(x)-f(v(x))v^{\prime}(x) \end{aligned}
(1)(∫axf(t)dt)′=f(x)(2)(∫au(x)f(t)dt)′=f(u(x))u′(x)(3)(∫ν(x)bf(t)dt)′=−f(ν(x))ν′(x)(4)(∫ν(x)u(x)f(t)dt)′=f(u(x))u′(x)−f(v(x))v′(x)
- 被积函数中有x作为乘积因子时
被积函数有x因子，此时的积分变量为t，所以x相对于t来说就是常数，可以将x提到积分号外面，然后再对x求导，就变成了函数乘积的求导公式 - 被积函数是复合函数，而复合函数内层有x变量
∫ 0 x f ( x − t ) d t = − ∫ 0 x f ( x − t ) d ( x − t ) = 令 x − t = u 当 t = 0 , u = x t = x , u = 0 − ∫ x 0 f ( u ) d ( u ) = ∫ 0 x f ( u ) d ( u ) \int_0^xf(x-t)dt=-\int_0^xf(x-t)d(x-t)\overset{\begin{aligned}\text{令}&x-t=u\\\text{当}&t=0,u=x\\&t=x,u=0\end{aligned}}{\operatorname*{=}}-\int_x^0f(u)d(u)=\int_0^xf(u)d(u) ∫0xf(x−t)dt=−∫0xf(x−t)d(x−t)=令当x−t=ut=0,u=xt=x,u=0−∫x0f(u)d(u)=∫0xf(u)d(u)
∫ 0 x t f ( x 2 − t 2 ) d t = − 1 2 ∫ 0 x f ( x 2 − t 2 ) d ( x 2 − t 2 ) = 令 x 2 − t 2 = u 当 t = 0 , u = x 2 t = x , u = 0 − 1 2 ∫ x 2 0 f ( u ) d ( u ) = 1 2 ∫ 0 x 2 f ( u ) d ( u ) \int_0^xtf(x^2-t^2)dt=-\left.\frac12\int_0^xf(x^2-t^2)d(x^2-t^2)\right.\overset{\begin{aligned}\text{令}x^2-t^2&=u\\\text{当}t&=0,u=x^2\\t&=x,u=0\end{aligned}}{\operatorname*{=}}-\frac12\int_{x^2}^0f(u)d(u)=\frac12\int_0^{x^2}f(u)d(u) ∫0xtf(x2−t2)dt=−21∫0xf(x2−t2)d(x2−t2)=令x2−t2当tt=u=0,u=x2=x,u=0−21∫x20f(u)d(u)=21∫0x2f(u)d(u)
- 二重积分方法求解
1472
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
