实现MQTT协议需要客户端和服务器端通讯完成,在通讯过程中,MQTT协议中有三种身份:
发布者(Publish)、
代理(Broker)(服务器)、
订阅者(Subscribe)。
其中,消息的发布者和订阅者都是客户端,消息代理是服务器,消息发布者可以同时是订阅者。
MQTT传输的消息分为:主题(Topic)和负载(payload)两部分:
(1)Topic,可以理解为消息的类型,订阅者订阅(Subscribe)后,就会收到该主题的消息内容(payload);
(2)payload,可以理解为消息的内容,是指订阅者具体要使用的内容。
当应用数据通过MQTT网络发送时,MQTT会把与之相关的服务质量(QoS)和主题名(Topic)相关连。
使用通配符可以一次订阅多个主题
如/mqtt/#:表示订阅以/mqtt/为前缀的所有主题
通过主题划分设备
qos => 消息的安全等级 Qos详细介绍
qos=0 QoS0,At most once,至多一次;
QoS0 代表,Sender 发送的一条消息,Receiver 最多能收到一次,也就是说 Sender 尽力向 Receiver 发送消息,如果发送失败,也就算了;
qos=1 QoS1,At least once,至少一次;
QoS1 代表,Sender 发送的一条消息,Receiver 至少能收到一次,也就是说 Sender 向 Receiver 发送消息,如果发送失败,会继续重试,直到 Receiver 收到消息为止,但是因为重传的原因,Receiver 有可能会收到重复的消息;
qos=2 QoS2,Exactly once,确保只有一次
QoS2 代表,Sender 发送的一条消息,Receiver 确保能收到而且只收到一次,也就是说 Sender 尽力向 Receiver 发送消息,如果发送失败,会继续重试,直到 Receiver 收到消息为止,同时保证 Receiver 不会因为消息重传而收到重复的消息。
qos安全等级需要注意的点:
1. python中下载的paho-mqtt包中,默认qos=0。
2. 不论是sub还是pub都需要指定qos安全等级。
Payload消息体位MQTT数据包的第三部分,包含CONNECT、SUBSCRIBE、SUBACK、UNSUBSCRIBE四种类型的消息:
(1)CONNECT,消息体内容主要是:客户端的ClientID、订阅的Topic、Message以及用户名和密码。
(2)SUBSCRIBE,消息体内容是一系列的要订阅的主题以及QoS。
(3)SUBACK,消息体内容是服务器对于SUBSCRIBE所申请的主题及QoS进行确认和回复。
(4)UNSUBSCRIBE,消息体内容是要订阅的主题。
0:连接成功
1:连接被拒绝-协议版本不正确
2:连接被拒绝-客户端标识符无效
3:连接被拒绝-服务器不可用
4:连接被拒绝-用户名或密码错误
5:连接被拒绝-未授权
6-255:当前未使用。
# 连接
client.on_connect = on_connect
# 消息
client.on_message = on_message
# 发布
client.on_publish = on_publish
# 断开连接
client.on_disconnect = on_disconnect
# 取消回调
client.on_unsubscribe = on_unsubscribe
client.username_pw_set(user, password)
client.connect(host=broker, port=port, keepalive=60)
client.loop_forever()
client.loop_start()
# 订阅
client.subscribe()
# 取消订阅
client.unsubscribe()
发布
client.publish('/mqtt/toro', msg)
是否连接
client.is_connected()
断开连接
client.disconnect()
# 重新连接
# client.reconnect()
client
import random
import time
from paho.mqtt import client as MQTT
broker = '127.0.0.1'
user = 'toro'
password = '1234569'
port = 1883
topic = "/python/mqtt"
client_id = 'python-mqtt-client'
# 连接
def mqtt_connect() -> MQTT:
def on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc):
print("连接回调")
if rc == 0:
print("Connected to MQTT Broker!")
else:
print("Failed to connect, return code %d\n", rc)
client = MQTT.Client(client_id)
client.username_pw_set(user, password)
client.on_connect = on_connect
client.connect(host=broker, port=port, keepalive=60)
return client
# 订阅
def subscribe(client: MQTT, topic, qos=0):
# 订阅回调
def on_subscribe(client, userdata, mid, granted_qos):
print("订阅回调")
print("On Subscribed: qos = %d" % granted_qos)
def on_message(client, userdata, msg):
print("消息回调")
print(f"Received `{msg.payload.decode()}` from `{msg.topic}` topic")
client.on_subscribe = on_subscribe
client.on_message = on_message
client.subscribe(topic, qos)
# 取消订阅
def unsubscribe(client: MQTT, topic):
# 取消订阅回调
def on_unsubscribe(client, userdata, mid):
print("取消订阅回调")
print("On unSubscribed: qos = %d" % mid)
client.on_unsubscribe = on_unsubscribe
client.unsubscribe(topic)
def disconnect(client: MQTT):
# 断开链接回调
def on_disconnect(client, userdata, rc):
print("断开链接回调")
if rc == 0:
print("Disconnected to MQTT Broker!")
else:
print("Unexpected disconnection rc = " + str(rc))
# 断开连接
client.on_disconnect = on_disconnect
client.disconnect()
def client():
client = mqtt_connect()
time.sleep(1)
# 订阅
subscribe(client=client, topic=topic, qos=1)
# client.loop_forever()
# time.sleep(1)
#
# # 取消订阅
# unsubscribe(client=client, topic=topic)
#
# # 判断是否连接
# state = client.is_connected()
# print("*******", state)
# time.sleep(20)
# disconnect(client)
# # 判断是否连接
# state = client.is_connected()
# print(state)
client.loop_forever()
if __name__ == '__main__':
client()
service
import random
import time
from paho.mqtt import client as MQTT
broker = '127.0.0.1'
user = 'toro'
password = '123456'
port = 1883
topic = "/python/mqtt"
service_id = 'python-mqtt-service'
# 连接
def mqtt_connect() -> MQTT:
def on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc):
print("连接回调")
print(client, userdata, flags, rc)
if rc == 0:
print("Connected to MQTT Broker!")
else:
print("Failed to connect, return code %d\n", rc)
client = MQTT.Client(service_id)
client.username_pw_set(user, password)
client.on_connect = on_connect
client.connect(host=broker, port=port, keepalive=60)
return client
# 发布
def publish(client: MQTT, topic, msg, qos=0):
def on_publish(client, userdata, mid):
print(f"发布回调")
print(client, userdata, mid)
# if rc == 0:
# print(f"Send `{msg}` to topic `{topic}`")
# else:
# print(f"Failed to send message to topic {topic}")
while True:
time.sleep(3)
client.on_publish = on_publish
# # 判断是否连接
# state = client.is_connected()
# print(state)
# if state:
# print("连接正常")
# else:
# # client.reconnect()
# print("重新连接")
result = client.publish(topic, msg, qos)
# result: [0, 1]
status = result[0]
if status == 0:
print(f"Send `{msg}` to topic `{topic}`")
else:
print(f"Failed to send message to topic {topic}")
def service():
client = mqtt_connect()
time.sleep(1)
# 发布
client.loop_start()
publish(client=client, topic=topic, qos=1, msg=f"mqtt test{time.time()}")
if __name__ == '__main__':
service()