1、数据准备
#分类
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `class` (
`id` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`card` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);
#图书
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `book` (
`bookid` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`card` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`bookid`)
);
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
2、left join
①测试
开始是没有加索引的情况。下面开始explain分析:
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM class LEFT JOIN book ON class.card = book.card;
分析结果:
添加索引优化:
ALTER TABLE book ADD INDEX Y (card);
ALTER TABLE class ADD INDEX X (card);
重新分析的结果:
看这个分析结果发现:在 class 表上添加的索引起的作用不大。
③结论
- 小表驱动大表
- 小表:相对来说记录较少的表
- 大表:相对来说记录较多的表
- 驱动方式识别
- left join:左边驱动右边(此时把小表放在左边)
- right join:右边驱动左边(此时把小表放在右边)
- 加索引的方式:通常建议在大表(被驱动)的关联字段上加索引,效率提升更明显。
- 原因:
- 原因1:被驱动表加了索引之后,收益更大:从 ALL -> ref。我们应该把更强的力量用给更重的任务,如果被驱动表是用主键或唯一二级索引列作为连接条件,那么就不仅是升级到ref,而是eq_ref
- 原因2:外连接首先读取驱动表的全部数据,被驱动只读取满足连接条件的数据。相当于连接条件对被驱动表进行了过滤、筛选。
3、inner join
换成inner join(MySQL自动选择驱动表)
# 特意将 book 放在 from 子句,去对 class 表做内连接
EXPLAIN
SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE *
FROM book
inner JOIN class ON class.card = book.card;
分析结果:
MySQL 还是选择了 class 作为驱动表。
此时需要给 book 表增加较多条记录,让两个表数据量差异明显才有这个效果。
4、关联查询的优化建议
- 把大表放在被驱动表的位置上
- 保证被驱动表的 join 字段被索引。join 字段就是作为连接条件的字段。
- inner join 时,MySQL会自动将小结果集的表选为驱动表。
- 子查询尽量不要放在被驱动表,子查询会生成衍生表,衍生表利用不了索引
- 能够用关联查询就不用子查询
- 关联查询涉及到的数据库表不要超过3张。