c++stl之 vector的底层理解及其模拟实现

一、vector的介绍及使用

1.1 vector的使用

1.1.1 vector 的定义

示例代码

// constructing vectors
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main ()
{
   
// constructors used in the same order as described above:
std::vector<int> first; // empty vector of ints
std::vector<int> second (4,100); // four ints with value 100
std::vector<int> third (second.begin(),second.end()); // iterating through second
std::vector<int> fourth (third); // a copy of third
// 下面涉及迭代器初始化的部分，我们学习完迭代器再来看这部分
// the iterator constructor can also be used to construct from arrays:
int myints[] = {
   16,2,77,29};
std::vector<int> fifth (myints, myints + sizeof(myints) / sizeof(int) );
std::cout << "The contents of fifth are:";
for (std::vector<int>::iterator it = fifth.begin(); it != fifth.end(); ++it)
std::cout << ' ' << *it;
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}

1.1.2 vector iterator 的使用

示例代码：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
void PrintVector(const vector<int>& v)
{
   
// const对象使用const迭代器进行遍历打印
vector<int>::const_iterator it = v.begin();
while (it != v.end())
{
   
cout << *it << " ";
++it;
}
cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
   
// 使用push_back插入4个数据
vector<int> v;
v.push_back(1);
v.push_back(2);
v.push_back(3);
v.push_back(4);
// 使用迭代器进行遍历打印
vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin();
while (it != v.end())
{
   
cout << *it << " ";
++it;
}
cout << endl;
// 使用迭代器进行修改
it = v.begin();
while (it != v.end())
{
   
*it *= 2;
++it;
}
// 使用反向迭代器进行遍历再打印
vector<int>::reverse_iterator rit = v.rbegin();
while (rit != v.rend())
{
   
cout << *rit << " ";
++rit;
}
cout << endl;
PrintVector(v);
return 0;
}

1.1.3 vector 空间增长问题

size： 获取数据个数
capacity： 获取容量大小
empty： 判断是否为空
resize（重点）： 改变vector的size
reserve （重点）： 改变vector放入capacity

• capacity的代码在vs和g++下分别运行会发现，vs下capacity是按1.5倍增长的，g++是按2倍增长的。这个问题经常会考察，不要固化的认为，顺序表增容都是2倍，具体增长多少是根据具体的需求定义的。vs是PJ版本STL，g++是SGI版本STL。
• reserve只负责开辟空间，如果确定知道需要用多少空间，reserve可以缓解vector增容的代价缺陷问题。
• resize在开空间的同时还会进行初始化，影响size。

示例代码：

// vector::capacity
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main ()
{
   
size_t sz;
std::vector<int> foo;
sz = foo.capacity();
std::cout << "making foo grow:\n";
for (int i=0; i<100; ++i) {
   
foo.push_back(i);
if (sz!=foo.capacity()) {
   
sz = foo.capacity();
std::cout << "capacity changed: " << sz << '\n';
}
}
}
vs：运行结果：
making foo grow:
capacity changed: 1
capacity changed: 2
capacity changed: 3
capacity changed: 4
capacity changed: 6
capacity changed: 9
capacity changed: 13
capacity changed: 19
capacity changed: 28
capacity changed: 42
capacity changed: 63
capacity changed: 94
capacity changed: 141
g++运行结果：
making foo grow:
capacity changed: 1
capacity changed: 2
capacity changed: 4
capacity changed: 8
capacity changed: 16
capacity changed: 32
capacity changed: 64
capacity changed: 128
// vector::reserve
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main ()
{
   
size_t sz;
std::vector<int> foo;
sz = foo.capacity();
std::cout << "making foo grow:\n";
for (int i