位运算符及位字段

1.位运算符

  1. 按位取反~
    将所有二进制位按位取反
    例如:0000 0000 0000 1101
    按位取反:1111 1111 1111 0010
    2.按位与&
    两个数的二进制位都为1,则相与后为1,否则为0
    (1111 0000 1111 0000) & (0101 1010 0101 1101)
    结果:0101 0000 0101 0000
    3.按位或|
    两个数二进制位有一个为1,则为1,否则为0
    (0101 1010 0101 1010) | (1010 0101 1010 0101)
    结果:1111 1111 1111 1111
    4.按位异或^
    两个数二进制位不同则为1,相同则为0
    (1111 0000 0110 1001) ^(0000 1111 0110 1001)
    结果:1111 1111 0000 0000
    异或交换两个数
    a = a^ b;
    b = a^ b;
    a = a^ b;
    5.按位左移<<
    0000 1101 0010
    左移一位结果:0001 1010 0100,相当于除2
    后面补0
    6.按位右移
    0011 1100 1110 0000
    右移结果:0001 1110 0111 0000
    若最高位为1,右移以后左边可能补0也可能补1
    最高位为0左边补0

2.掩码

设置位开(1)或关(0)的位组合
flag = 00000011
MASK = 10010110
MASK & flag
flag的前6位二进制为0所以相与以后MASK的前6位为0,被屏蔽调,MASK的后两位还是原来的值

3.位字段

操控位的第二种方法

struct{
	unsigned int autfd:1;
	unsigned int bldfc:1;
	unsigned int undln:1;
	unsigned int itals:1;
}prnt;

以上声明了一个4个1位的字段,他们共享一个unsigned int空间,每个都是1位(只能存放0或1)
可以通过.来使用

prnt.itals = 0;
prnt.undln = 1;

位字段可以设置多个长度

struct {
	unsigned int code1:2;
	unsigned int code2:2;
	unsigned int code3:8;
}

3.位字段的使用

黑色 000
红色 001
绿色 010
黄色 011
蓝色 100
紫色 101
青色 110
白色 111

/* fields.c -- 定义并使用字段 */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
// C99定义了bool、true、false 
/* 线的样式 */
#define SOLID 0
#define DOTTED 1
#define DASHED 2
/* 三原色 */
#define BLUE 4
#define GREEN 2
#define RED 1
/* 混合色 */
#define BLACK 0
#define YELLOW (RED | GREEN)
#define MAGENTA (RED | BLUE)
#define CYAN (GREEN | BLUE)
#define WHITE (RED | GREEN | BLUE)

const char * colors[8] = { "black", "red", "green",
    "yellow", "blue", "magenta", "cyan", "white" };
struct box_props {
    bool opaque : 1;
    // 或者 unsigned int (C99以前)
    unsigned int fill_color : 3;
    unsigned int : 4;
    bool show_border : 1;
    // 或者 unsigned int (C99以前)
    unsigned int border_color : 3;
    unsigned int border_style : 2;
    unsigned int : 2;
};

void show_settings(const struct box_props * pb); 

int main(void)
{
    /* 创建并初始化 box_props 结构 */
    struct box_props box = { true, YELLOW, true, GREEN,
    DASHED }; 

    printf("Original box settings:\n");
    show_settings(&box);
    box.opaque = false;
    box.fill_color = WHITE;
    box.border_color = MAGENTA;
    box.border_style = SOLID;

    printf("\nModified box settings:\n");
    show_settings(&box);
    return 0;
}
void show_settings(const struct box_props * pb) {
    printf("Box is %s.\n",pb->opaque == true ? "opaque" : "transparent");
    printf("The fill color is %s.\n", colors[pb->fill_color]);
    printf("Border %s.\n",pb->show_border == true ? "shown" : "not shown");
    printf("The border color is %s.\n",colors[pb->border_color]); printf("The border style is ");

    switch (pb->border_style)
    {
        case SOLID:
            printf("solid.\n"); break;
        case DOTTED: 
            printf("dotted.\n"); break;
        case DASHED: 
            printf("dashed.\n"); break;
        default:
            printf("unknown type.\n");
    }
}

4.位字段和位运算符的混合使用

/* dualview.c -- 位字段和按位运算符 */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <limits.h>

/* 位字段符号常量 */
/* 边框线样式
*/
#define SOLID 0
#define DOTTED 1
#define DASHED 2
/* 三原色 */
#define BLUE 4
#define GREEN 2
#define RED 1
/* 混合颜色 */
#define BLACK 0
#define YELLOW (RED | GREEN)
#define MAGENTA (RED | BLUE)
#define CYAN (GREEN | BLUE)
#define WHITE (RED | GREEN | BLUE)
/* 按位方法中用到的符号常量 */
#define OPAQUE 0x1
#define FILL_BLUE 0x8
#define FILL_GREEN 0x4
#define FILL_RED 0x2
#define FILL_MASK 0xE
#define BORDER 0x100
#define BORDER_BLUE 0x800
#define BORDER_GREEN 0x400
#define BORDER_RED 0x200
#define BORDER_MASK 0xE00
#define B_SOLID 0
#define B_DOTTED 0x1000
#define B_DASHED 0x2000
#define STYLE_MASK 0x3000
const char * colors[8] = { "black", "red", "green",
"yellow", "blue", "magenta", "cyan", "white" };

struct box_props {
    bool opaque: 1;
    unsigned int fill_color: 3;
    unsigned int : 4;
    bool show_border : 1;
    unsigned int border_color : 3;
    unsigned int border_style: 2;
    unsigned int: 2;
};

union Views
/* 把数据看作结构或unsigned short类型的变量
*/
{
    struct box_props st_view;
    unsigned short us_view;
};

void show_settings(const struct box_props * pb); void
show_settings1(unsigned short);
char * itobs(int n, char * ps);

int main(void)
{
/* 创建Views联合,并初始化initialize struct box view */
    union Views box = { { true, YELLOW, true, GREEN,
    DASHED } }; 
    char bin_str[8 * sizeof(unsigned int) + 1];

    printf("Original box settings:\n");
    show_settings(&box.st_view);
    printf("\nBox settings using unsigned int view:\n");
    show_settings1(box.us_view);
    printf("bits are %s\n",
    itobs(box.us_view, bin_str));

    box.us_view &= ~FILL_MASK;
    box.us_view |= (FILL_BLUE | FILL_GREEN);
    box.us_view &= ~STYLE_MASK;

    printf("\nModified box settings:\n");
    show_settings(&box.st_view);
    printf("\nBox settings using unsigned int view:\n");
    show_settings1(box.us_view);
    printf("bits are %s\n",
    itobs(box.us_view, bin_str));

    return 0;
}
void show_settings(const struct box_props * pb) {
    printf("Box is %s.\n",pb->opaque == true ? "opaque" : "transparent");
    printf("The fill color is %s.\n", colors[pb->fill_color]);
    printf("Border %s.\n",pb->show_border == true ? "shown" : "not shown");
    printf("Thebordercoloris%s.\n",colors[pb->border_color]); 
    printf("The border style is ");

    switch (pb->border_style)
    {
        case SOLID:
            printf("solid.\n"); 
            break;
        case DOTTED:
            printf("dotted.\n"); 
            break;
        case DASHED: 
            printf("dashed.\n"); 
            break;
        default:
            printf("unknown type.\n");
    }
}
void show_settings1(unsigned short us)
{
    printf("box is %s.\n",(us&OPAQUE)==OPAQUE?"opaque":"transparent"); 
    printf("The fill color is %s.\n",colors[(us >> 1) & 07]);
    printf("Border %s.\n",(us & BORDER) == BORDER ? "shown" : "notshown"); 
    printf("The border style is ");

    switch (us & STYLE_MASK)
    {
        case B_SOLID:
            printf("solid.\n"); 
            break;
        case B_DOTTED:
            printf("dotted.\n");
            break;
        case B_DASHED:
            printf("dashed.\n"); 
            break;
        default:
            printf("unknown type.\n");
    }

    printf("The border color is %s.\n",colors[(us >> 9) & 07]);

}
char * itobs(int n, char * ps)
{
    int i;
    const static int size = CHAR_BIT * sizeof(int); 

    for (i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--, n >>= 1) ps[i] = (01 & n) + '0';
        ps[size] = '\0';

    return ps;
}
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