进程间通信

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1.进程间通信

2.进程间通信方式

2.1 管道—匿名管道

根据上面对匿名管道的基本描述，那么还有两个问题：
①既然父子进程要关闭不需要的fd(文件描述符)，那为什么曾经要打开？可以不关闭fd嘛？
②既然不需要刷新到磁盘，那么需要重新设计通信接口嘛？

2.2 使用管道—管道测试接口(代码实现)

makefile：

testpipe: testpipe.cpp
	g++ -o $@ $^ -std=c++11
.PHONY:clean
clean:
	rm -f testpipe

testpip.cpp:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cerrno>  // errno.h
#include <cstring> // string.h
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

const int size = 1024;

std::string getOtherMessage()
{
    static int cnt = 0;
    std::string messageid = std::to_string(cnt); // stoi -> string -> int
    cnt++;
    pid_t self_id = getpid();
    std::string stringpid = std::to_string(self_id);

    std::string message = "messageid: ";
    message += messageid;
    message += " my pid is : ";
    message += stringpid;

    return message;
}

// 子进程进行写入
void SonProcessWrite(int wfd)
{
    std::string message = "father, I am your son process!";
    while (true)
    {
        std::string info = message + getOtherMessage(); // 这条消息，就是我们子进程发给父进程的消息
        write(wfd, info.c_str(), info.size()); // 写入管道的时候，没有写入\0, 有没有必要？没有必要
        sleep(1);
    }
}

// 父进程进行读取
void FatherProcessRead(int rfd)
{
    char inbuffer[size]; // c99 , gnu g99
    while (true)
    {
        ssize_t n = read(rfd, inbuffer, sizeof(inbuffer) - 1); // sizeof(inbuffer)->strlen(inbuffer);
        if (n > 0)
        {
            inbuffer[n] = 0; // == '\0'
            std::cout  << "father get message: " <<inbuffer << std::endl;
        }
        else if (n == 0)
        {
            // 如果read的返回值是0，表示写端直接关闭了，我们读到了文件的结尾
            std::cout << "client quit, father get return val: " << n << " father quit too!" << std::endl;
            break;
        }
        else if(n < 0)
        {
            std::cerr << "read error" << std::endl;
            break;
        }
    }
}

int main()
{
    // 1. 创建管道
    int pipefd[2];
    int n = pipe(pipefd); // 输出型参数，rfd， wfd
    if (n != 0)
    {
        std::cerr << "errno: " << errno << ": "
                  << "errstring : " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
        return 1;
    }
    // pipefd[0]->0->r(嘴巴 - 读)  pipefd[1]->1->w(笔->写)
    std::cout << "pipefd[0]: " << pipefd[0] << ", pipefd[1]: " << pipefd[1] << std::endl;
    sleep(1);

    // 2. 创建子进程
    pid_t id = fork();
    if (id == 0)
    {
        std::cout << "子进程关闭不需要的fd了, 准备发消息了" << std::endl;
        sleep(1);
        // 子进程 --- write
        // 3. 关闭不需要的fd
        close(pipefd[0]);

        SonProcessWrite(pipefd[1]);
        close(pipefd[1]);
        exit(0);
    }

    std::cout << "父进程关闭不需要的fd了, 准备收消息了" << std::endl;
    sleep(1);
    // 父进程 --- read
    // 3. 关闭不需要的fd
    close(pipefd[1]);
    FatherProcessRead(pipefd[0]);
    close(pipefd[0]);

    int status = 0;
    pid_t rid = waitpid(id, &status, 0);
    if (rid > 0)
    {
        std::cout << "wait child process done, exit sig: " << (status&0x7f) << std::endl;
        std::cout << "wait child process done, exit code(ign): " << ((status>>8)&0xFF) << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

可以看到父进程收消息，子进程发消息。这就是一个简单的管道的例子！

3.进程池

3.1 进程池的原理图

3.2 进程池的代码实现

Makefile:

processpool: ProcessPool.cc
	g++ -o $@ $^ -std=c++11
.PHONY:clean
clean:
	rm -f processpool

Task.hpp:

#pragma once

#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#define TaskNum 3

typedef void (*task_t)(); // task_t 函数指针类型

void Print()
{
    std::cout << "I am print task" << std::endl;
}
void DownLoad()
{
    std::cout << "I am a download task" << std::endl;
}
void Flush()
{
    std::cout << "I am a flush task" << std::endl;
}

task_t tasks[TaskNum];

void LoadTask()
{
    srand(time(nullptr) ^ getpid() ^ 17777);
    tasks[0] = Print;
    tasks[1] = DownLoad;
    tasks[2] = Flush;
}

void ExcuteTask(int number)
{
    if (number < 0 || number > 2)
        return;
    tasks[number]();
}

int SelectTask()
{
    return rand() % TaskNum;
}

ProcessPool.cc:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include "Task.hpp"

 void work(int rfd)
 {
     while (true)
     {
         int command = 0;
         int n = read(rfd, &command, sizeof(command));
         if (n == sizeof(int))
         {
             std::cout << "pid is : " << getpid() << " handler task" << std::endl;
             ExcuteTask(command);
         }
         else if (n == 0)
         {
             std::cout << "sub process : " << getpid() << " quit" << std::endl;
             break;
         }
     }
 }



// master
class Channel
{
public:
    Channel(int wfd, pid_t id, const std::string &name)
        : _wfd(wfd), _subprocessid(id), _name(name)
    {
    }
    int GetWfd() { return _wfd; }
    pid_t GetProcessId() { return _subprocessid; }
    std::string GetName() { return _name; }
    void CloseChannel()
    {
        close(_wfd);
    }
    void Wait()
    {
        pid_t rid = waitpid(_subprocessid, nullptr, 0);
        if (rid > 0)
        {
            std::cout << "wait " << rid << " success" << std::endl;
        }
    }
    ~Channel()
    {
    }

private:
    int _wfd;
    pid_t _subprocessid;
    std::string _name;
};

// 形参类型和命名规范
// const &: 输出
// & : 输入输出型参数
// * : 输出型参数
//  task_t task: 回调函数
void CreateChannelAndSub(int num, std::vector<Channel> *channels)
{
    // BUG? --> fix bug
    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
    {
        // 1. 创建管道
        int pipefd[2] = {0};
        int n = pipe(pipefd);
        if (n < 0)
            exit(1);

        // 2. 创建子进程
        pid_t id = fork();
        if (id == 0)
        {
            // child - read
            close(pipefd[1]);
            work(pipefd[0]);
            close(pipefd[0]);
            exit(0);
        }

        // 3.构建一个channel名称
        std::string channel_name = "Channel-" + std::to_string(i);
        // 父进程
        close(pipefd[0]);
        // a. 子进程的pid b. 父进程关心的管道的w端
        channels->push_back(Channel(pipefd[1], id, channel_name));
    }
}

// 0 1 2 3 4 channelnum
int NextChannel(int channelnum)
{
    static int next = 0;
    int channel = next;
    next++;
    next %= channelnum;
    return channel;
}

void SendTaskCommand(Channel &channel, int taskcommand)
{
    write(channel.GetWfd(), &taskcommand, sizeof(taskcommand));
}

void ctrlProcessOnce(std::vector<Channel> &channels)
{
    sleep(1);
    // a. 选择一个任务
    int taskcommand = SelectTask();
    // b. 选择一个信道和进程
    int channel_index = NextChannel(channels.size());
    // c. 发送任务
    SendTaskCommand(channels[channel_index], taskcommand);
    std::cout << std::endl;
    std::cout << "taskcommand: " << taskcommand << " channel: "
              << channels[channel_index].GetName() << " sub process: " << channels[channel_index].GetProcessId() << std::endl;
}

void ctrlProcess(std::vector<Channel> &channels, int times = -1)
{
    if (times > 0)
    {
        while (times--)
        {
            ctrlProcessOnce(channels);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        while (true)
        {
            ctrlProcessOnce(channels);
        }
    }
}

void CleanUpChannel(std::vector<Channel> &channels)
{
    for (auto &channel : channels)
    {
        channel.CloseChannel();
    }
     // 注意
     for (auto &channel : channels)
     {
         channel.Wait();
     }
}

// ./processpool 5
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    if (argc != 2)
    {
        std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " processnum" << std::endl;
        return 1;
    }
    int num = std::stoi(argv[1]);
    LoadTask();

    std::vector<Channel> channels;
    // 1. 创建信道和子进程
    CreateChannelAndSub(num, &channels);

    // 2. 通过channel控制子进程
    ctrlProcess(channels, 5);

    // 3. 回收管道和子进程. a. 关闭所有的写端 b. 回收子进程
    CleanUpChannel(channels);


    return 0;
}

运行结果：

但是代码中void CreateChannelAndSub中有一个 BUG！ 这个BUG会造成管道阻塞
那么要如何解决这个BUG呢？

4.命名管道

4.1 有名管道通信

4.2 有名管道通信的代码实现

在代码实现之前有必要认识两个接口函数：

namedPipe.hpp:

#pragma once

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cerrno>
#include <string>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

const std::string comm_path = "./myfifo";
#define DefaultFd -1
#define Creater 1
#define User 2
#define Read O_RDONLY
#define Write O_WRONLY
#define BaseSize 4096

class NamePiped
{
private:
    bool OpenNamedPipe(int mode)
    {
        _fd = open(_fifo_path.c_str(), mode);
        if (_fd < 0)
            return false;
        return true;
    }

public:
    NamePiped(const std::string &path, int who)
        : _fifo_path(path), _id(who), _fd(DefaultFd)
    {
        if (_id == Creater)
        {
            int res = mkfifo(_fifo_path.c_str(), 0666);
            if (res != 0)
            {
                perror("mkfifo");
            }
            std::cout << "creater create named pipe" << std::endl;
        }
    }
    bool OpenForRead()
    {
        return OpenNamedPipe(Read);
    }
    bool OpenForWrite()
    {
        return OpenNamedPipe(Write);
    }
    // const &: const std::string &XXX
    // *      : std::string *
    // &      : std::string & 
    int ReadNamedPipe(std::string *out)
    {
        char buffer[BaseSize];
        int n = read(_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        if(n > 0)
        {
            buffer[n] = 0;
            *out = buffer;
        }
        return n;
    }
    int WriteNamedPipe(const std::string &in)
    {
        return write(_fd, in.c_str(), in.size());
    }
    ~NamePiped()
    {
        if (_id == Creater)
        {
            int res = unlink(_fifo_path.c_str());
            if (res != 0)
            {
                perror("unlink");
            }
            std::cout << "creater free named pipe" << std::endl;
        }
        if(_fd != DefaultFd) close(_fd);
    }

private:
    const std::string _fifo_path;
    int _id;
    int _fd;
};

5.共享内存

5.1 共享内存原理

5.2 共享内存的代码实现

在代码实现之前，需要了解其的一些接口和指令用法：

其代码量庞大，这里便不在展示。
将在本文最后将代码打包！

6.共享内存

7.代码

以上内容的代码在如下：
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1my0GlYsC-h4phn5bX9BxqA
提取码：lyds