高可用实现方式：
keepalived 在物理机，虚拟机上部署
slb 在云主机上使用，自带负载均衡和高可用功能
keepalive 长连接
keepalived 高可用软件
LB 负载均衡，Load Balance
HA 高可用，Hight Available
failover 高可用
故障转移集群
keepalived简介与部署
1. keepalived简介
Keepalived 软件起初是专为LVS负载均衡软件设计的，用来管理并监控LVS集群系统中各个服务节点的状态，后来又加入了可以实现高可用的VRRP功能。因此，Keepalived除了能够管理LVS软件外，还可以作为其他服务（例如：Nginx、Haproxy、MySQL等）的高可用解决方案软件。
Keepalived软件主要是通过VRRP协议实现高可用功能的。VRRP是Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol(虚拟路由器冗余协议）的缩写，VRRP出现的目的就是为了解决静态路由单点故障问题的，它能够保证当个别节点宕机时，整个网络可以不间断地运行。
所以，Keepalived 一方面具有配置管理LVS的功能，同时还具有对LVS下面节点进行健康检查的功能，另一方面也可实现系统网络服务的高可用功能。
官网：http://www.keepalived.org/
1.2 keepalived的功能
- 管理LVS负载均衡软件
- 实现LVS集群节点的健康检查
- 作为系统网络服务的高可用性（failover）
1.3 keepalived高可用故障转移的原理
Keepalived 高可用服务之间的故障切换转移，是通过 VRRP 来实现的。
在 Keepalived 服务正常工作时，主 Master 节点会不断地向备节点发送（多播的方式）心跳消息，用以告诉备 Backup 节点自己还活看，当主 Master 节点发生故障时，就无法发送心跳消息，备节点也就因此无法继续检测到来自主 Master 节点的心跳了，于是调用自身的接管程序，接管主 Master 节点的 IP 资源及服务。而当主 Master 节点恢复时，备 Backup 节点又会释放主节点故障时自身接管的IP资源及服务，恢复到原来的备用角色。
-
VRRP ：全 称 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol ,中文名为虚拟路由冗余协议 ，VRRP的出现就是为了解决静态踣甶的单点故障问题，VRRP是通过一种竞选机制来将路由的任务交给某台VRRP路由器的。
-
VRRP用 IP多播的方式（默认多播地址（224.0_0.18))实现高可用对之间通信。
-
工作时主节点发包，备节点接包，当备节点接收不到主节点发的数据包的时候，就启动接管程序接管主节点的开源。备节点可以有多个，通过优先级竞选，但一般 Keepalived系统运维工作中都是一对。
-
VRRP使用了加密协议加密数据，但Keepalived官方目前还是推荐用明文的方式配置认证类型和密码。
1.4 keepalived工作原理
Keepalived高可用是通过 VRRP 进行通信的， VRRP是通过竞选机制来确定主备的，主的优先级高于备，因此，工作时主会优先获得所有的资源，备节点处于等待状态，当主挂了的时候，备节点就会接管主节点的资源，然后顶替主节点对外提供服务。
在 Keepalived 服务之间，只有作为主的服务器会一直发送 VRRP 广播包,告诉备它还活着，此时备不会枪占主，当主不可用时，即备监听不到主发送的广播包时，就会启动相关服务接管资源，保证业务的连续性.接管速度最快可以小于1秒。
keepalived部署高可用httpd
环境说明：
| 系统信息 | 主机名 | IP |
|---|---|---|
| CentOS 7 | master | 192.168.57.136 |
| CentOS 7 | slave | 192.168.57.137 |
安装主keepalived
//关闭防火墙，selinux
[root@master ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config
[root@master ~]# setenforce 0
[root@master ~]# getenforce
Permissive
//配置网络源
[root@master ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 1572 100 1572 0 0 9684 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 9703
[root@master ~]# sed -i 's/\$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@master ~]# sed -i 's/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
//安装相关组件
[root@master ~]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget gcc gcc-c++
//安装keepalived
[root@master ~]# yum -y install keepalived
[root@master ~]# rpm -ql keepalived
/etc/keepalived //配置目录
/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf //主配置文件
/etc/sysconfig/keepalived
/usr/bin/genhash
/usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service //服务控制文件
/usr/libexec/keepalived
/usr/sbin/keepalived //命令存放位置用同样的方法在备服务器上安装keepalived，重复以上步骤
在主备机上分别安装httpd
- 在master上安装httpd
//安装httpd
[root@master ~]# yum -y install httpd
//启动并设置开机自启
[root@master ~]# systemctl enable --now httpd
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@master ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
//配置网站
[root@master ~]# echo 'this is master' > /var/www/html/index.html
[root@master ~]# curl 192.168.57.136
this is master- 在slave上安装httpd
[root@slave ~]# yum -y install httpd
[root@slave ~]# systemctl enable --now httpd
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@slave ~]# echo 'this is slave' > /var/www/html/index.html
[root@slave ~]# curl 192.168.57.137
this is slave
[root@slave ~]# curl 192.168.57.136
this is master- 配置主keepalived
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@master ~]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb01
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER
interface ens33
virtual_router_id 51
priority 100
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass lll
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.57.250
}
}
virtual_server 192.168.57.250 80 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.57.136 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.57.137 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
//重启使配置生效
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart keepalived
[root@master ~]# systemctl enable keepalived
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.- 配置备keepalived
[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@slave ~]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb02
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state BACKUP
interface eth0
virtual_router_id 51
priority 90
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass lll
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.57.250
}
}
virtual_server 192.168.57.250 80 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.57.136 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.57.137 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
//使配置生效
[root@slave ~]# systemctl restart keepalived
[root@slave ~]# systemctl enable keepalived
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.
//查看VIP
[root@master ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:82:b6:d0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.57.136/24 brd 192.168.57.255 scope global noprefixroute dynamic ens33
valid_lft 1486sec preferred_lft 1486sec
inet 192.168.57.250/32 scope global ens33 //VIP在此
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::78af:cdcb:c379:1773/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@slave ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:b8:1e:94 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.57.137/24 brd 192.168.57.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feb8:1e94/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:b6:a9:b9 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:b6:a9:b9 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
修改内核参数，开启监听VIP功能
//在master上修改内核参数
[root@master ~]# echo 'net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1' >>/etc/sysctl.conf
[root@master ~]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1
[root@master ~]# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_nonlocal_bind
1
//在slave上修改内核参数
[root@slave ~]# echo 'net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1' >>/etc/sysctl.conf
[root@slave ~]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1
[root@slave ~]# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_nonlocal_bind
1让keepalived通过脚本来监控httpd负载均衡机的状态
//在master上编写脚本
[root@master ~]# mkdir /scripts
[root@master scripts]# vim check_m.sh
[root@master scripts]# cat check_m.sh
#!/bin/bash
httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
if [ $httpd_status -lt 1 ];then
systemctl stop keepalived
fi
[root@master scripts]# chmod +x check_m.sh
[root@master scripts]# vim notify.sh
[root@master scripts]# cat notify.sh
#!/bin/bash
VIP=$2
sendmail (){
subject="${VIP}'s server keepalived state is translate"
content="`date +'%F %T'`: `hostname`'s state change to master"
echo $content | mail -s "$subject" 593582553@qq.com
}
case "$1" in
master)
httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
if [ $httpd_status -lt 1 ];then
systemctl start httpd
fi
sendmail
;;
backup)
httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
if [ $httpd_status -gt 0 ];then
systemctl stop httpd
fi
;;
*)
echo "Usage:$0 master|backup VIP"
;;
esac
[root@master scripts]# chmod +x notify.sh
[root@master scripts]# ll
总用量 8
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 142 10月 22 03:27 check_m.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 662 10月 22 03:28 notify.sh
//在slave上编写脚本
[root@slave ~]# mkdir /scripts
[root@slave ~]# cd /scripts/
[root@slave scripts]# vim notify.sh
[root@slave scripts]# cat notify.sh
#!/bin/bash
VIP=$2
sendmail (){
subject="${VIP}'s server keepalived state is translate"
content="`date +'%F %T'`: `hostname`'s state change to master"
echo $content | mail -s "$subject" 1344933566@qq.com
}
case "$1" in
master)
httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
if [ $httpd_status -lt 1 ];then
systemctl start httpd
fi
sendmail
;;
backup)
httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
if [ $httpd_status -gt 0 ];then
systemctl stop httpd
fi
;;
*)
echo "Usage:$0 master|backup VIP"
;;
esac
[root@slave scripts]# chmod +x notify.sh
[root@slave scripts]# ll
总用量 4
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 663 10月 21 09:32 notify.sh
- 配置keepalived加入监控脚本的配置
//配置主keepalived
[root@master scripts]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@master scripts]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb01 ## 非常重要，标识本机的hostname
}
vrrp_script httpd_check {
script "/scripts/check_m.sh" ## 执行的脚本位置
interval 1 ## 检测时间间隔
weight -20 ## 如果条件成立则权重减20
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER ## 非常重要，标识主机，备用机为BACKUP
interface ens33 ## 非常重要，网卡名
virtual_router_id 52 ## 非常重要，虚拟路由ID号（主备节点要相同）
priority 100 ## 优先级（0-254），一般主机的大于备机
advert_int 1 ## 主备信息发送间隔，两个节点必须一致，默认1秒
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass lll 证匹配，设置认证类型和密码，MASTER和BACKUP必须使用相同的密码才能正常通信
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.57.250 ##虚拟ip，可以指定多个
}
track_script { ## 检查haproxy健康状况的脚本
httpd_check
}
notify_master "/scripts/notify.sh master 192.168.57.250"
notify_backup "/scripts/notify.sh backup 192.168.57.250"
}
virtual_server 192.168.57.250 80 { ####虚拟ip 的详细配置
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.57.137 80 { ## ## 本机的真实ip
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.57.136 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
[root@master scripts]# systemctl restart keepalived- 配置备keepalived
backup无需检测httpd是否正常，当升级为MASTER时启动httpd，当降级为BACKUP时关闭
[root@slave scripts]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@slave scripts]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb02
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state BACKUP
interface ens33
virtual_router_id 52
priority 90
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass lll
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.57.250
}
notify_master "/scripts/notify.sh master 192.168.57.250"
notify_backup "/scripts/notify.sh backup 192.168.57.250"
}
virtual_server 192.168.57.250 80 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.57.136 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.57.137 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
[root@slave scripts]# systemctl restart keepalived访问网页
模拟主服务器宕机
[root@master scripts]# systemctl stop keepalived
[root@master scripts]# systemctl stop httpd
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