结构与函数、数组

1，结构作为函数参数

例子（以int函数为主）： int 函数名 (struct date d)

• 整个结构可以作为参数的值传入函数
• 新建一个结构变量，并复制调用者的结构的值

2，输入\出结构

（1）输入结构  方法一

在这个传入函数中，创建一个临时的结构变量，然后把这个结构返回调用者

#include <stdio.h>
struct number{
	int x;
	int y;
	int z;
};
struct number getStructure(void);
int main(){
	struct number a;
	a=getStructure();
	printf("x = %d\n",a.x);
	printf("y = %d\n",a.y);
	printf("z = %d\n",a.z);
	return 0;
}
struct number getStructure(void){
	struct number p;
	scanf("%d",&p.x);   12
	scanf("%d",&p.y);   13
	scanf("%d",&p.z);   14
	return p;
}

输出：
x = 12
y = 13
z = 14

（2）输入结构 结构指针作为参数   //返回结构指针

（*p).month=12;

p->month=12;

用->表示指针所指的结构变量中的成员

#include <stdio.h>
struct number{
	int x;
	int y;
	int z;
};
struct number* getStructure(struct number* p);
int main(){
	struct number a;
	getStructure(&a);
	printf("x = %d\n",a.x);
	printf("y = %d\n",a.y);
	printf("z = %d\n",a.z);
	return 0;
}
struct number* getStructure(struct number* p){
	scanf("%d",&p->x);  12
	scanf("%d",&p->y);  13
	scanf("%d",&p->z);  14
	return p;
}

输出：
x = 12
y = 13
z = 14

3，结构数组

struct 结构名 数组名[数组大小];

#include <stdio.h>
struct number{
	int x;
	int y;
	int z;
};
struct number* getStructure(struct number* p);
int main(){
	int i;
	struct number a[]={ //初始化数组
		{2021,7,21}, //初始化结构a[0]
		{2021,8,29},
	};
	for(i=0;i<2;i++){
		printf("x = %d ",a[i].x);
		printf("y = %d ",a[i].y);
		printf("z = %d\n",a[i].z);
	}
	return 0;
}

输出：
x = 2021 y = 7 z = 21
x = 2021 y = 8 z = 29

 4,嵌套结构

必须先定义成员结构的类型，再定义主结构的类型

#include <stdio.h>
struct number{
	int x;
	int y;
};
struct num{
	struct number r1;
};
struct number* getStructure(struct number* p);
int main(){
	int i;
	struct num* b;
	struct num a={{11,22}};
	printf("a.r1.x = %d ",a.r1.x);  //第一种取值方式
	printf("a.r2.y = %d\n ",a.r1.y);
		
	printf("b->r1.x = %d 	",&b->r1.x); //第二种取值方式
	printf("b->r1.y = %d\n",&b->r1.y);
	return 0;
}

 b->r1->y  (X)

 5,结构中的结构的数组

struct num{
	struct number r1;
	struct number r2;
};
int main(){
	int i;
	struct num* b;
	struct num a[]={  
		{{11,22},{33,44}},  //初始化主结构a[0]
	};
		printf("a[0].r1.x = %d   ",a[0].r1.x);
		printf("a[0].r1.y = %d\n ",a[0].r1.y);
		printf("\n");
		printf("a[1].r2.x = %d   ",a[0].r2.x);
		printf("a[1].r2.y = %d\n ",a[0].r2.y);
			
	return 0;
}

输出：
a[0].r1.x = 11   a[0].r1.y = 22

a[0].r2.x = 33   a[0].r2.y = 44

1. 不同的成员变量组合，结构的sizeof如何，是否正好等于全部成员的sizeof之和？

2. 结构内的成员之间是否连续，相邻的成员的地址的差是否等于对应的成员的sizeof？

#include<stdio.h>

    struct date{
        int month;
        double day;
        char year;
    }today;

int main(void)
{
    struct date today;
    today.month = 0;
    today.day = 5;
    today.year = '1';

    printf("sizeof(today) = %d\n",sizeof(today));
    printf("sizeof(today.month+today.day+today.year) = %d\n"
,sizeof(today.month)+sizeof(today.day)+sizeof(today.year));

   	printf("address of today = %p\n",&today);
    printf("address of month = %p\n",&today.month);
    printf("address of day = %p\n",&today.day);
    printf("address of year = %p\n",&today.year);
    

    printf("year - day = %lf\n",today.year-today.day);
    printf("day - month = %lf\n",today.day-today.month);
    return 0;
}


输出：
sizeof(today) = 24
sizeof(today.month+today.day+today.year) = 13
address of today = 000000000062FE00
address of month = 000000000062FE00
address of day = 000000000062FE08
address of year = 000000000062FE10
year - day = 44.000000
day - month = 5.000000

结构的sizeof是指结构整体所占空间的大小，由于结构中成员的排列顺序，数据是否对齐，造成与各个成员的sizeof之和并不相同。

结构内的成员之间不一定连续，相邻的成员的地址的差不一定等于对应的成员的sizeof，取决于成员所占空间大小与成员如何排列。