------------->【Linux系统编程/网络编程】(学习目录汇总) <--------------
目录
1.出错处理封装函数
我们知道，系统调用不能保证每次都成功，必须进行出错处理，这样一方面可以保证程序逻辑正常，另一方面可以迅速得到故障信息。
为使错误处理的代码不影响主程序的可读性，我们把与socket相关的一些系统函数加上错误处理代码包装成新的函数，做成一个模快：wrap.c
1.1 wrap.c
/*************************************************************************
# > File Name:wrap.c
# > Author: Jay
# > Mail: billysturate@gmail.com
# > Created Time: Tue 13 Sep 2022 03:14:39 PM CST
************************************************************************/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void perr_exit(const char *s)
{
perror(s);
exit(1);
}
int Accept(int fd, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t *salenptr)
{
int n;
again:
if ( (n = accept(fd, sa, salenptr)) < 0) {
if ((errno == ECONNABORTED) || (errno == EINTR))
goto again;
else
perr_exit("accept error");
}
return n;
}
int Bind(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen)
{
int n;
if ((n = bind(fd, sa, salen)) < 0)
perr_exit("bind error");
return n;
}
int Connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen)
{
int n;
if ((n = connect(fd, sa, salen)) < 0)
perr_exit("connect error");
return n;
}
int Listen(int fd, int backlog)
{
int n;
if ((n = listen(fd, backlog)) < 0)
perr_exit("listen error");
return n;
}
int Socket(int family, int type, int protocol)
{
int n;
if ( (n = socket(family, type, protocol)) < 0)
perr_exit("socket error");
return n;
}
ssize_t Read(int fd, void *ptr, size_t nbytes)
{
ssize_t n;
again:
if ( (n = read(fd, ptr, nbytes)) == -1) {
if (errno == EINTR)
goto again;
else
return -1;
}
return n;
}
ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *ptr, size_t nbytes)
{
ssize_t n;
again:
if ( (n = write(fd, ptr, nbytes)) == -1) {
if (errno == EINTR)
goto again;
else
return -1;
}
return n;
}
int Close(int fd)
{
int n;
if ((n = close(fd)) == -1)
perr_exit("close error");
return n;
}
ssize_t Readn(int fd, void *vptr, size_t n)
{
size_t nleft;
ssize_t nread;
char *ptr;
ptr = (char *)vptr;
nleft = n;
while (nleft > 0) {
if ( (nread = read(fd, ptr, nleft)) < 0) {
if (errno == EINTR)
nread = 0;
else
return -1;
} else if (nread == 0)
break;
nleft -= nread;
ptr += nread;
}
return n - nleft;
}
ssize_t Writen(int fd, const void *vptr, size_t n)
{
size_t nleft;
ssize_t nwritten;
const char *ptr;
ptr = (char *)vptr;
nleft = n;
while (nleft > 0) {
if ( (nwritten = write(fd, ptr, nleft)) <= 0) {
if (nwritten < 0 && errno == EINTR)
nwritten = 0;
else
return -1;
}
nleft -= nwritten;
ptr += nwritten;
}
return n;
}
static ssize_t my_read(int fd, char *ptr)
{
static int read_cnt;
static char *read_ptr;
static char read_buf[100];
if (read_cnt <= 0) {
again:
if ((read_cnt = read(fd, read_buf, sizeof(read_buf))) < 0) {
if (errno == EINTR)
goto again;
return -1;
} else if (read_cnt == 0)
return 0;
read_ptr = read_buf;
}
read_cnt--;
*ptr = *read_ptr++;
return 1;
}
ssize_t Readline(int fd, void *vptr, size_t maxlen)
{
ssize_t n, rc;
char c, *ptr;
ptr = (char *)vptr;
for (n = 1; n < maxlen; n++) {
if ( (rc = my_read(fd, &c)) == 1) {
*ptr++ = c;
if (c == '\n')
break;
} else if (rc == 0) {
*ptr = 0;
return n - 1;
} else
return -1;
}
*ptr = 0;
return n;
}
1.2 wrap.h
/*************************************************************************
# > File Name:wrap.h
# > Author: Jay
# > Mail: billysturate@gmail.com
# > Created Time: Tue 13 Sep 2022 03:14:29 PM CST
************************************************************************/
#ifndef __WRAP_H_
#define __WRAP_H_
void perr_exit(const char *s);
int Accept(int fd, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t *salenptr);
int Bind(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen);
int Connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen);
int Listen(int fd, int backlog);
int Socket(int family, int type, int protocol);
ssize_t Read(int fd, void *ptr, size_t nbytes);
ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *ptr, size_t nbytes);
int Close(int fd);
ssize_t Readn(int fd, void *vptr, size_t n);
ssize_t Writen(int fd, const void *vptr, size_t n);
ssize_t my_read(int fd, char *ptr);
ssize_t Readline(int fd, void *vptr, size_t maxlen);
#endif
2.多进程并发服务器
使用多进程并发服务器时要考虑以下几点：
- 父进程最大文件描述个数(父进程中需要close关闭accept返回的新文件描述符)
- 系统内创建进程个数(与内存大小相关)
- 进程创建过多是否降低整体服务性能(进程调度)
2.1 server.c
/*************************************************************************
# > File Name:server.c
# > Author: Jay
# > Mail: billysturate@gmail.com
# > Created Time: Tue 13 Sep 2022 07:21:20 PM CST
************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include "wrap.h"
#define SRV_PORT 9527
void catch_child(int argc)
{
while (waitpid(0, NULL, WNOHANG) > 0)
{
}
return;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int lfd,cfd;
pid_t pid;
char buf[BUFSIZ];
struct sockaddr_in srv_addr, clit_addr;
socklen_t clt_addr_len;
int ret, i;
bzero(&srv_addr, sizeof(srv_addr));
// memset(&srv_addr, 0, sizeof(srv_addr));
srv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
srv_addr.sin_port = htons(SRV_PORT);
srv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
lfd = Socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
Bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&srv_addr, sizeof(srv_addr));
Listen(lfd, 128);
clt_addr_len = sizeof(clit_addr);
while (1)
{
cfd = Accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&clit_addr, &clt_addr_len);
pid = fork();
if (pid < 0)
{
perr_exit("fork error");
}else if(pid == 0){
close(lfd);
break;
}else{
struct sigaction act;
act.sa_handler = catch_child;
sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
act.sa_flags = 0;
ret = sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, NULL);
if(ret == -1){
perr_exit("sigaction error");
}
close(cfd);
continue;
}
}
if(pid == 0)
{
while(1){
ret = Read(cfd, buf, sizeof(buf));
if(ret == 0)
{
close(cfd);
exit(1);
}
for(i = 0; i < ret; i++)
{
buf[i] = toupper(buf[i]);
}
write(cfd, buf, ret);
write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, ret);
}
}
return 0;
}
2.2 client.c
/*************************************************************************
# > File Name:client.c
# > Author: Jay
# > Mail: billysturate@gmail.com
# > Created Time: Sun 25 Sep 2022 06:40:40 PM CST
************************************************************************/
/* client.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include "wrap.h"
#define MAXLINE 80
#define SERV_PORT 9527
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct sockaddr_in servaddr;
char buf[MAXLINE];
int sockfd, n;
sockfd = Socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
inet_pton(AF_INET, "10.0.12.16", &servaddr.sin_addr);
servaddr.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);
Connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
while (fgets(buf, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) {
Write(sockfd, buf, strlen(buf));
n = Read(sockfd, buf, MAXLINE);
if (n == 0)
printf("the other side has been closed.\n");
else
Write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n);
}
Close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
编译运行，结果如下：
3.多线程并发服务器
在使用线程模型开发服务器时需考虑以下问题：
- 调整进程内最大文件描述符上限
- 线程如有共享数据，考虑线程同步
- 服务于客户端线程退出时，退出处理。（退出值，分离态）
- 系统负载，随着链接客户端增加，导致其它线程不能及时得到CPU
3.1 server.c
/*************************************************************************
# > File Name:server.c
# > Author: Jay
# > Mail: billysturate@gmail.com
# > Created Time: Sun 25 Sep 2022 05:23:33 PM CST
************************************************************************/
/* server.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include "wrap.h"
#define MAXLINE 80
#define SERV_PORT 9527
struct s_info {
struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
int connfd;
};
void *do_work(void *arg)
{
int n,i;
struct s_info *ts = (struct s_info*)arg;
char buf[MAXLINE];
char str[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
/* 可以在创建线程前设置线程创建属性,设为分离态*/
pthread_detach(pthread_self());
while (1) {
n = Read(ts->connfd, buf, MAXLINE);
if (n == 0) {
printf("the other side has been closed.\n");
break;
}
printf("received from %s at PORT %d\n",
inet_ntop(AF_INET, &(*ts).cliaddr.sin_addr, str, sizeof(str)),
ntohs((*ts).cliaddr.sin_port));
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
buf[i] = toupper(buf[i]);
Write(ts->connfd, buf, n);
}
Close(ts->connfd);
}
int main(void)
{
struct sockaddr_in servaddr, cliaddr;
socklen_t cliaddr_len;
int listenfd, connfd;
int i = 0;
pthread_t tid;
struct s_info ts[256];
listenfd = Socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
servaddr.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);
Bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
Listen(listenfd, 20);
printf("Accepting connections ...\n");
while (1) {
cliaddr_len = sizeof(cliaddr);
connfd = Accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &cliaddr_len);
ts[i].cliaddr = cliaddr;
ts[i].connfd = connfd;
/* 达到线程最大数时，pthread_create出错处理, 增加服务器稳定性 */
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, do_work, (void*)&ts[i]);
i++;
}
return 0;
}
3.2 client.c
/*************************************************************************
# > File Name:client.c
# > Author: Jay
# > Mail: billysturate@gmail.com
# > Created Time: Sun 25 Sep 2022 06:40:40 PM CST
************************************************************************/
/* client.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include "wrap.h"
#define MAXLINE 80
#define SERV_PORT 9527
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct sockaddr_in servaddr;
char buf[MAXLINE];
int sockfd, n;
sockfd = Socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
inet_pton(AF_INET, "10.0.12.16", &servaddr.sin_addr);
servaddr.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);
Connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
while (fgets(buf, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) {
Write(sockfd, buf, strlen(buf));
n = Read(sockfd, buf, MAXLINE);
if (n == 0)
printf("the other side has been closed.\n");
else
Write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n);
}
Close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
编译运行，结果如下:
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