模板和标准模板库STL

模板有函数模板，类模板

函数模板

template<class T>
T Max(T a, T b)
{
	return a > b ? a : b;
}
void main()
{
	cout << Max(3, 26) << endl;
	cout << Max('b', 'y') << endl;
}

类模板

template<class T>
class A
{
public:
	A(T i=0):m_i(i){}
	void print() { cout << m_i << endl; }
private:
	T m_i;
};
void main()
{
	A<int>a(10);
	a.print();
}

STL主要部件：容器 算法 迭代器，迭代器把数据传给算法操作

begin--指向容器第一个元素的迭代器

end--指向最后一个元素的下一个迭代器

front--返回第一个元素

back--返回最后一个元素

assign--对vector中元素赋值

at--返回指定位置元素值

resize--改变元素数量大小

reserve--设置vector最小元素容量大小

clear--清空

empty--空

size--大小

capacity--容量

insert--插入

erase--删除指定元素

push_back--尾插

pop_back--尾删

swap--交换两个vector

用vector创建动态数组

void main()
{
	vector<vector<char>>vv;
	int i, j;
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
	{
		vv.push_back(vector<char>());
		for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
		{
			vv[i].push_back('6');
		}
	}
	for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
	{
		for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
		{
			cout << vv[i][j] << " ";
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
}

迭代器可以像指针一样使用

void main()
{
	int arr[5] = { 1,2,3,4,5 };
	vector<int> v1(arr, arr + 5);
	vector<int> v2;
	vector<int> v3(v1);
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < v1.size(); i++)
	{
		cout << v1[i] << " " << v1.at(i) << endl;
	}
	v2 = v3;//vector中重载了赋值“=”
	vector<int>::iterator iter;//定义一个迭代器
	for (iter = v2.begin(); iter != v2.end(); iter++)//begin返回迭代器
	{
		cout << *iter << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}

改变元素容量大小可能会把数据弄丢

void main()
{
	int num = 0;
	int i;
	int* p = nullptr;
	vector<int> v;
	vector<int>::iterator iter;
	v.reserve(10);
	for (i = 1; i < 20; i++)
		v.push_back(i);
	v.resize(5);
	cout << v.size() << endl;
	cout << v.capacity() << endl;
	for (iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); iter++)
		cout << *iter << " ";
	cout << endl;
	v.resize(10);
	for (iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); iter++)
		cout << *iter << " ";
	cout << endl;

}

void main()
{
	int arr[5] = { 1,2,3,4,5 };
	vector<int> v(arr,arr+3); //1 2 3
	vector<int> v1(arr, arr + 5);
    v.assign(5,3);//5个3
    vector<int>::iterator iter;
	for (iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); iter++)//begin返回迭代器
	{
		cout << *iter << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
	v.assign(v1.begin(), v1.begin()+3);//1 2 3
	v1 = v;
}

void main()
{
	int arr[5] = { 1,2,3,4,5 };
	vector<int> v(arr, arr + 3);
	vector<int> v1;
	v1.push_back(10);
	v1.push_back(20);
	v1.push_back(30);
//	v.clear();
	v.insert(v.begin(), 100);//100 1 2 3
	v.insert(v.begin() + 2, arr, arr + 4);
	//100 1 1 2 3 4 2 3
	v.insert(v.begin(), v1.begin(), v1.end());
	//10 20 30 100 1 1 2 3 4 2 40 40 40 3
	v.insert(v.end() - 1, 3, 40);

	vector<int> ::iterator iters = v.begin();
	vector<int> ::iterator itere = v.end();
	for (; iters != itere; iters++)
		cout << *iters << " ";
	cout << endl;

	cout << "front :" << v.front() << endl;//返回第一个元素
	cout << "back :" << v.back() << endl;//返回最后一个元素
	//删除
	v.pop_back();
	cout << "size = " << v.size() << endl;
	20 30 100 1 1 2 3 4 2 40 40 40 
	v.erase(v.begin());//删除第一个
	v.erase(v.begin(), v.begin() + 3);//删除前三个
	iters = v.begin();
	itere = v.end();
	for (; iters != itere; iters++)
		cout << *iters << " ";
	cout << endl;
}

void main()
{
	//string类型转换为char*类型的字符串
	string s = "wangpangpang";
	const char* str = s.c_str();//c_str返回当前字符串首字符地址
	cout << str << endl;

	const char* str2 = "hello";
	string s2 = str2; //string s2(str2)

	s2 = "world";
	cout << s2 << endl;
	s2.assign("sssss");
	cout << s2 << endl;

	s2[3] = 'k';
	cout << s2 << endl;
	s2.at(2) = 'p';
	cout << s2 << endl;
	s2 = s2 + "tttt";
	cout << s2 << endl;
	s2.append("kkkkk");//追加
	cout << s2 << endl;
}

void main()
{
	string s = "abcdefg";
	string s1 = "abcf";
	string sub = "bd";
/*	int pos = s.find(sub);//返回第一个sub的位置
	cout << pos << endl;
	string sub2 = "ef";
	pos = s.find(sub2);
	cout << pos << endl;
	pos = s.rfind(sub2);//rfind()返回字符串最后一个次出现的位置
	cout << pos << endl;*/
	int ret = s1.compare(s);
	cout << ret << endl;
	string s2 = s.substr(1, 4); //偏移量  数量
	cout << s2 << endl;

	s2.insert(0, "kkk");
	cout << s2 << endl;

	s2.erase(0, 5);
	cout << s2 << endl;
}

find():返回第一个出现的位置

rfind():返回最后一个出现的位置

compare（）：s1>s2返回正数，s1=s2返回0，s1<s2返回负数

substr（）：返回字符串的一部分