第 27 天
Python 与 MongoDB
Python是一种后端技术，可以对接不同的数据库应用。它可以连接到 SQL 和 noSQL 数据库。在本节中，我们将 Python 与作为 noSQL 数据库的 MongoDB 数据库连接起来。
数据库
MongoDB 是一个 NoSQL 数据库。MongoDB 将数据存储在类似 JSON 的文档中，这使得 MongoDB 非常灵活和可扩展。让我们看看 SQL 和 NoSQL 数据库的不同术语。下表将区分 SQL 和 NoSQL 数据库。
SQL 与 NoSQL
在本节中，我们将重点介绍 NoSQL 数据库 MongoDB。让我们通过单击登录按钮在mongoDB上注册，然后单击下一页上的注册。
填写字段并单击继续
选择免费计划
选择最近的自由区域并为您的集群命名。
现在，创建了一个免费的沙箱
所有本地主机访问
添加用户和密码
创建一个 mongoDB uri 链接
选择Python 3.6或以上驱动
获取连接字符串（MongoDB URI)
复制连接字符串链接，你会得到这样的东西
mongodb+srv://asabeneh:<password>@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority不要担心 url，它是将您的应用程序与 mongoDB 连接的一种方式。让我们用您用于添加用户的密码替换密码占位符。
例子：
mongodb+srv://asabeneh:123123123@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority现在，我替换了所有内容，密码为 123123，数据库名称为 thirty_days_python。这只是一个例子，您的密码必须比这强一点。
Python 需要一个 mongoDB 驱动来访问 mongoDB 数据库。我们将使用pymongo和dnspython将我们的应用程序与 mongoDB base 连接起来。在你的项目目录中安装 pymongo 和 dnspython。
pip install pymongo dnspython必须安装“dnspython”模块才能使用 mongodb+srv:// URI。dnspython 是 Python 的 DNS 工具包。它支持几乎所有的记录类型。
将 Flask 应用程序连接到 MongoDB 集群
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
print(client.list_database_names())
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)
当我们运行上面的代码时，我们得到了默认的 mongoDB 数据库。
['admin', 'local']创建数据库和集合
让我们创建一个数据库，mongoDB 中的数据库和集合如果不存在就会创建。让我们创建一个数据库名称thirty_days_of_python和students集合。创建数据库
db = client.name_of_databse # we can create a database like this or the second way
db = client['name_of_database']# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
# Creating database
db = client.thirty_days_of_python
# Creating students collection and inserting a document
db.students.insert_one({'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 250})
print(client.list_database_names())
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)创建数据库后，我们还创建了一个学生集合，并使用insert_one()方法插入文档。现在，已经创建了数据库thirty_days_of_python和students集合并插入了文档。检查您的 mongoDB 集群，您将同时看到数据库和集合。在集合中，将有一个文档。
['thirty_days_of_python', 'admin', 'local']如果你在mongoDB集群上看到这个，说明你已经成功创建了一个数据库和一个集合。
如果您在图中看到过，则创建的文档带有一个用作主键的长 ID。每次我们创建一个文档时，mongoDB 都会为它创建一个唯一的 id。
将许多文档插入集合
如果我们想一次插入许多文档，则insert_one () 方法一次插入一个项目，我们可以使用insert_many()方法或 for 循环。我们可以使用 for 循环一次插入多个文档。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
students = [
{'name':'David','country':'UK','city':'London','age':34},
{'name':'John','country':'Sweden','city':'Stockholm','age':28},
{'name':'Sami','country':'Finland','city':'Helsinki','age':25},
]
for student in students:
db.students.insert_one(student)
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)MongoDB 查找
find ()和findOne()方法是在 mongoDB 数据库中查找集合中数据的常用方法。它类似于 MySQL 数据库中的 SELECT 语句。让我们使用find_one()方法获取数据库集合中的文档。
- *find_one({"_id": ObjectId("id"})：如果未提供 id，则获取第一次出现
# let's import the flask from flask import Flask, render_template import os # importing operating system module MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority' client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI) db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database student = db.students.find_one() print(student) app = Flask(__name__) if __name__ == '__main__': # for deployment we use the environ # to make it work for both production and development port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000)) app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Helsinki', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 250}上面的查询返回第一个条目，但我们可以使用特定的 _id 来定位特定的文档。让我们做一个例子，使用 David 的 id 来获取 David 对象。'_id':ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c')
# let's import the flask from flask import Flask, render_template import os # importing operating system module from bson.objectid import ObjectId # id object MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority' client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI) db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database student = db.students.find_one({'_id':ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c')}) print(student) app = Flask(__name__) if __name__ == '__main__': # for deployment we use the environ # to make it work for both production and development port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000)) app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c'), 'name': 'David', 'country': 'UK', 'city': 'London', 'age': 34}我们已经看到，如何使用上面的示例来使用find_one() 。让我们移动一个到find()
- find()：如果我们不传递查询对象，则返回集合中的所有事件。该对象是 pymongo.cursor 对象。
# let's import the flask from flask import Flask, render_template import os # importing operating system module MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority' client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI) db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database students = db.students.find() for student in students: print(student) app = Flask(__name__) if __name__ == '__main__': # for deployment we use the environ # to make it work for both production and development port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000)) app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 250} {'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c'), 'name': 'David', 'country': 'UK', 'city': 'London', 'age': 34} {'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8d'), 'name': 'John', 'country': 'Sweden', 'city': 'Stockholm', 'age': 28} {'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e'), 'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 25}我们可以通过在find({}, {})中传递第二个对象来指定要返回的字段。0 表示不包含，1 表示包含，但我们不能混合使用 0 和 1，_id 除外。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
students = db.students.find({}, {"_id":0, "name": 1, "country":1}) # 0 means not include and 1 means include
for student in students:
print(student)
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland'}
{'name': 'David', 'country': 'UK'}
{'name': 'John', 'country': 'Sweden'}
{'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland'}通过查询查找
在 mongoDB 中找到一个查询对象。我们可以传递一个查询对象，我们可以过滤我们想过滤掉的文档。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
query = {
"country":"Finland"
}
students = db.students.find(query)
for student in students:
print(student)
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 250}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e'), 'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 25}使用修饰符查询
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
import pymongo
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
query = {
"city":"Helsinki"
}
students = db.students.find(query)
for student in students:
print(student)
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 250}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e'), 'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 25}使用修饰符查找查询
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
import pymongo
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
query = {
"country":"Finland",
"city":"Helsinki"
}
students = db.students.find(query)
for student in students:
print(student)
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 250}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e'), 'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 25}使用修饰符查询
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
import pymongo
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
query = {"age":{"$gt":30}}
students = db.students.find(query)
for student in students:
print(student)
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 250}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c'), 'name': 'David', 'country': 'UK', 'city': 'London', 'age': 34}# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
import pymongo
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
query = {"age":{"$gt":30}}
students = db.students.find(query)
for student in students:
print(student){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8d'), 'name': 'John', 'country': 'Sweden', 'city': 'Stockholm', 'age': 28}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e'), 'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 25}限制文件
我们可以使用limit()方法限制返回的文档数量。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
import pymongo
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
db.students.find().limit(3)排序查找
默认情况下，排序为升序。我们可以通过添加 -1 参数将排序更改为降序。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
import pymongo
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
students = db.students.find().sort('name')
for student in students:
print(student)
students = db.students.find().sort('name',-1)
for student in students:
print(student)
students = db.students.find().sort('age')
for student in students:
print(student)
students = db.students.find().sort('age',-1)
for student in students:
print(student)
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)升序
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 250}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c'), 'name': 'David', 'country': 'UK', 'city': 'London', 'age': 34}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8d'), 'name': 'John', 'country': 'Sweden', 'city': 'Stockholm', 'age': 28}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e'), 'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 25}降序
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e'), 'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 25}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8d'), 'name': 'John', 'country': 'Sweden', 'city': 'Stockholm', 'age': 28}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c'), 'name': 'David', 'country': 'UK', 'city': 'London', 'age': 34}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 250}使用查询更新
我们将使用update_one()方法来更新一项。它需要两个对象，一个是查询，第二个是新对象。第一个人，Asabeneh 得到了一个非常难以置信的年龄。让我们更新 Asabeneh 的年龄。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
import pymongo
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
query = {'age':250}
new_value = {'$set':{'age':38}}
db.students.update_one(query, new_value)
# lets check the result if the age is modified
for student in db.students.find():
print(student)
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 38}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c'), 'name': 'David', 'country': 'UK', 'city': 'London', 'age': 34}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8d'), 'name': 'John', 'country': 'Sweden', 'city': 'Stockholm', 'age': 28}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e'), 'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 25}删除文件
delete_one()方法删除一个文档。delete_one ()接受一个查询对象参数。它只删除第一次出现。让我们从集合中删除一个 John。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
import pymongo
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
query = {'name':'John'}
db.students.delete_one(query)
for student in db.students.find():
print(student)
# lets check the result if the age is modified
for student in db.students.find():
print(student)
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment we use the environ
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port){'_id': ObjectId('5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b'), 'name': 'Asabeneh', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 38}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c'), 'name': 'David', 'country': 'UK', 'city': 'London', 'age': 34}
{'_id': ObjectId('5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e'), 'name': 'Sami', 'country': 'Finland', 'city': 'Helsinki', 'age': 25}如您所见，John 已从集合中删除。
当我们想要删除许多文档时，我们使用delete_many()方法，它需要一个查询对象。如果我们将空查询对象传递给delete_many({}) ，它将删除集合中的所有文档。
删除一个集合
使用drop()方法，我们可以从数据库中删除一个集合。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, render_template
import os # importing operating system module
import pymongo
MONGODB_URI = 'mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password_goes_here@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
db.students.drop()现在，我们已经从数据库中删除了学生集合。
🎉恭喜！🎉
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