<< 第 28 天 || 第 30 天 >>
第 29 天
构建API
在本节中,我们将介绍一个 RESTful API,它使用 HTTP 请求方法来获取、放置、发布和删除数据。
RESTful API 是一种应用程序接口 (API),它使用 HTTP 请求来获取、放置、发布和删除数据。在前面的章节中,我们了解了 python、flask 和 mongoDB。我们将使用我们获得的知识使用 python flask 和 mongoDB 开发 RESTful API。每个具有 CRUD(创建、读取、更新、删除)操作的应用程序都有一个 API 来创建数据、获取数据、更新数据或从数据库中删除数据。
浏览器只能处理get请求。因此,我们必须有一个工具可以帮助我们处理所有请求方法(GET、POST、PUT、DELETE)。
在 API 开发方面,Postman是一个非常流行的工具。所以,如果你喜欢做这个部分,你需要下载 postman。Postman 的另一种选择是Insomnia。
API的结构
API 端点是一个 URL,可以帮助检索、创建、更新或删除资源。结构如下所示: 示例:https: //api.twitter.com/1.1/lists/members.json 返回指定列表的成员。只有经过身份验证的用户拥有指定列表,才会显示私人列表成员。公司名称后跟版本,后跟 API 的用途。方法:HTTP 方法和 URL
API 使用以下 HTTP 方法进行对象操作:
GET Used for object retrieval
POST Used for object creation and object actions
PUT Used for object update
DELETE Used for object deletion
让我们构建一个 API 来收集有关 30DaysOfPython 学生的信息。我们将收集姓名、国家、城市、出生日期、技能和简历。
要实现此 API,我们将使用:
- 邮差
- Python
- Flask
- 数据库
使用 get 检索数据
在此步骤中,让我们使用虚拟数据并将其作为 json 返回。要将其作为 json 返回,将使用 json 模块和 Response 模块。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, Response
import json
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students', methods = ['GET'])
def students ():
student_list = [
{
'name':'Asabeneh',
'country':'Finland',
'city':'Helsinki',
'skills':['HTML', 'CSS','JavaScript','Python']
},
{
'name':'David',
'country':'UK',
'city':'London',
'skills':['Python','MongoDB']
},
{
'name':'John',
'country':'Sweden',
'city':'Stockholm',
'skills':['Java','C#']
}
]
return Response(json.dumps(student_list), mimetype='application/json')
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)
当您在浏览器上请求http://localhost:5000/api/v1.0/students url 时,您将得到:
当您在浏览器上请求http://localhost:5000/api/v1.0/students url 时,您将得到:
我们不显示虚拟数据,而是将 Flask 应用程序与 MongoDB 连接起来,并从 MongoDB 数据库中获取数据。
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, Response
import json
import pymongo
app = Flask(__name__)
#
MONGODB_URI='mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students', methods = ['GET'])
def students ():
return Response(json.dumps(student), mimetype='application/json')
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)
通过连接烧瓶,我们可以从 thirty_days_of_python 数据库中获取学生集合数据。
[
{
"_id": {
"$oid": "5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b"
},
"name": "Asabeneh",
"country": "Finland",
"city": "Helsinki",
"age": 38
},
{
"_id": {
"$oid": "5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8c"
},
"name": "David",
"country": "UK",
"city": "London",
"age": 34
},
{
"_id": {
"$oid": "5df68a23f106fe2d315bbc8e"
},
"name": "Sami",
"country": "Finland",
"city": "Helsinki",
"age": 25
}
]
通过id获取文档
我们可以使用 id 访问 signle 文档,让我们使用他的 id 访问 Asabeneh。 http://localhost:5000/api/v1.0/students/5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, Response
import json
from bson.objectid import ObjectId
import json
from bson.json_util import dumps
import pymongo
app = Flask(__name__)
#
MONGODB_URI='mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students', methods = ['GET'])
def students ():
return Response(json.dumps(student), mimetype='application/json')
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students/<id>', methods = ['GET'])
def single_student (id):
student = db.students.find({'_id':ObjectId(id)})
return Response(dumps(student), mimetype='application/json')
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)
[
{
"_id": {
"$oid": "5df68a21f106fe2d315bbc8b"
},
"name": "Asabeneh",
"country": "Finland",
"city": "Helsinki",
"age": 38
}
]
使用 POST 创建数据
我们使用POST请求方式创建数据
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, Response
import json
from bson.objectid import ObjectId
import json
from bson.json_util import dumps
import pymongo
from datetime import datetime
app = Flask(__name__)
#
MONGODB_URI='mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students', methods = ['GET'])
def students ():
return Response(json.dumps(student), mimetype='application/json')
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students/<id>', methods = ['GET'])
def single_student (id):
student = db.students.find({'_id':ObjectId(id)})
return Response(dumps(student), mimetype='application/json')
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students', methods = ['POST'])
def create_student ():
name = request.form['name']
country = request.form['country']
city = request.form['city']
skills = request.form['skills'].split(', ')
bio = request.form['bio']
birthyear = request.form['birthyear']
created_at = datetime.now()
student = {
'name': name,
'country': country,
'city': city,
'birthyear': birthyear,
'skills': skills,
'bio': bio,
'created_at': created_at
}
db.students.insert_one(student)
return ;
def update_student (id):
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)
使用 PUT 更新
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, Response
import json
from bson.objectid import ObjectId
import json
from bson.json_util import dumps
import pymongo
from datetime import datetime
app = Flask(__name__)
#
MONGODB_URI='mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students', methods = ['GET'])
def students ():
return Response(json.dumps(student), mimetype='application/json')
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students/<id>', methods = ['GET'])
def single_student (id):
student = db.students.find({'_id':ObjectId(id)})
return Response(dumps(student), mimetype='application/json')
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students', methods = ['POST'])
def create_student ():
name = request.form['name']
country = request.form['country']
city = request.form['city']
skills = request.form['skills'].split(', ')
bio = request.form['bio']
birthyear = request.form['birthyear']
created_at = datetime.now()
student = {
'name': name,
'country': country,
'city': city,
'birthyear': birthyear,
'skills': skills,
'bio': bio,
'created_at': created_at
}
db.students.insert_one(student)
return
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students/<id>', methods = ['PUT']) # this decorator create the home route
def update_student (id):
query = {"_id":ObjectId(id)}
name = request.form['name']
country = request.form['country']
city = request.form['city']
skills = request.form['skills'].split(', ')
bio = request.form['bio']
birthyear = request.form['birthyear']
created_at = datetime.now()
student = {
'name': name,
'country': country,
'city': city,
'birthyear': birthyear,
'skills': skills,
'bio': bio,
'created_at': created_at
}
db.students.update_one(query, student)
# return Response(dumps({"result":"a new student has been created"}), mimetype='application/json')
return
def update_student (id):
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)
使用 Delete 删除文档
# let's import the flask
from flask import Flask, Response
import json
from bson.objectid import ObjectId
import json
from bson.json_util import dumps
import pymongo
from datetime import datetime
app = Flask(__name__)
#
MONGODB_URI='mongodb+srv://asabeneh:your_password@30daysofpython-twxkr.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGODB_URI)
db = client['thirty_days_of_python'] # accessing the database
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students', methods = ['GET'])
def students ():
return Response(json.dumps(student), mimetype='application/json')
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students/<id>', methods = ['GET'])
def single_student (id):
student = db.students.find({'_id':ObjectId(id)})
return Response(dumps(student), mimetype='application/json')
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students', methods = ['POST'])
def create_student ():
name = request.form['name']
country = request.form['country']
city = request.form['city']
skills = request.form['skills'].split(', ')
bio = request.form['bio']
birthyear = request.form['birthyear']
created_at = datetime.now()
student = {
'name': name,
'country': country,
'city': city,
'birthyear': birthyear,
'skills': skills,
'bio': bio,
'created_at': created_at
}
db.students.insert_one(student)
return
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students/<id>', methods = ['PUT']) # this decorator create the home route
def update_student (id):
query = {"_id":ObjectId(id)}
name = request.form['name']
country = request.form['country']
city = request.form['city']
skills = request.form['skills'].split(', ')
bio = request.form['bio']
birthyear = request.form['birthyear']
created_at = datetime.now()
student = {
'name': name,
'country': country,
'city': city,
'birthyear': birthyear,
'skills': skills,
'bio': bio,
'created_at': created_at
}
db.students.update_one(query, student)
# return Response(dumps({"result":"a new student has been created"}), mimetype='application/json')
return
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students/<id>', methods = ['PUT']) # this decorator create the home route
def update_student (id):
query = {"_id":ObjectId(id)}
name = request.form['name']
country = request.form['country']
city = request.form['city']
skills = request.form['skills'].split(', ')
bio = request.form['bio']
birthyear = request.form['birthyear']
created_at = datetime.now()
student = {
'name': name,
'country': country,
'city': city,
'birthyear': birthyear,
'skills': skills,
'bio': bio,
'created_at': created_at
}
db.students.update_one(query, student)
# return Response(dumps({"result":"a new student has been created"}), mimetype='application/json')
return ;
@app.route('/api/v1.0/students/<id>', methods = ['DELETE'])
def delete_student (id):
db.students.delete_one({"_id":ObjectId(id)})
return
if __name__ == '__main__':
# for deployment
# to make it work for both production and development
port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)
<< 第 28 天 || 第 30 天 >>