实验七 配置OSPF协议

要求：

    配置OSPF协议，实现全网互通，并在合适的路由器上修改OSPF开销，实现等值路径负载均衡。

基础配置

    为路由器R1、R2和R3设置相应的IP地址。

配置OSPF协议

1. 基本配置

r1(config)#router ospf 1

r1(config-router)#router-id 1.1.1.1

r1(config-router)#net 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1

r1(config-router)#net 12.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1

r1(config-router)#net 14.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 1

r2(config)#router ospf 1

r2(config-router)#router-id 2.2.2.2

r2(config-router)#net 12.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 1

r2(config-router)#net 23.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 1

r3(config)#router ospf 1

r3(config-router)#router-id 3.3.3.3

r3(config-router)#net 172.16.8.0 0.0.0.255 area 1

r3(config-router)#net 23.0.0.3 0.0.0.0 area 1

r3(config-router)#net 34.0.0.3 0.0.0.0 area 1

r4(config)#router ospf 1

r4(config-router)#router-id 4.4.4.4

r4(config-router)#net 14.0.0.4 0.0.0.0 area 1

r4(config-router)#net 34.0.0.4 0.0.0.0 area 1

2. 查看OSPF的邻居表、DR选举。

r1#sh ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface

4.4.4.4           1   FULL/BDR        00:00:39    14.0.0.4        FastEthernet0/0

2.2.2.2           0   FULL/  -        00:00:30    12.0.0.2        Serial1/0

r1#sh ip ospf interface f0/0

FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up

  Internet address is 14.0.0.1/8, Area 1

  Process ID 1, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1

  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1

  Designated Router (ID) 1.1.1.1, Interface address 14.0.0.1

  Backup Designated Router (ID) 4.4.4.4, Interface address 14.0.0.4

  Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5

因为，R1首先启动，40秒后成为了DR。虽然R4的ID号更大，但不能抢占DR。如果R4想成为DR，需要将两个路由器的接口shut, 然后no shut，重新选举。

若R1在新的选举中还想成为DR，则需要修改f0/0的接口优先级：

   R1(config )#int  f0/0

             #ip  ospf  priority  2

另外，DR选举，发生广播型多路访问网络（以太网）中，点到点链路上不需要选举DR。

3. 查看OSPF的LSDB表和路由表。

r1#sh ip ospf database

            OSPF Router with ID (1.1.1.1) (Process ID 1)

                Router Link States (Area 1)

Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum Link count

1.1.1.1         1.1.1.1         125         0x80000005 0x008973 4

2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         210         0x80000004 0x001a61 4

3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         125         0x80000005 0x0083e2 5

4.4.4.4         4.4.4.4         125         0x80000004 0x00d1ac 3

                Net Link States (Area 1)

Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum

14.0.0.1        1.1.1.1         125         0x80000001 0x00ac68

r1#sh ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

       i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area

       * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR

       P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1/0

C    14.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

O    23.0.0.0/8 [110/1562] via 12.0.0.2, 00:05:23, Serial1/0

O    34.0.0.0/8 [110/782] via 14.0.0.4, 00:02:14, FastEthernet0/0

     172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C       172.16.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

O       172.16.8.0 [110/783] via 14.0.0.4, 00:02:14, FastEthernet0/0

可以看到，从R1到172.16.8.0有两条路可走：

      R1—R2—R3   781＋781＋1＝1563

R1—R4—R3   1＋781＋1＝783

OSPF选择了路径最短的： R1—R4—R3

4. 故障路径切换

当R4—R3之间的路径出现故障，OSPF会自动更新LSDB表，然后R1会自动重新计算前往172.16.8.0的路径：

   R1—R1—R3   781＋781＋1＝1563

r1>sh ip route

O       172.16.8.0 [110/1563] via 12.0.0.2, 00:00:02, Serial1/0

5. 修改接口开销，实现等值路径负载均衡。

r1(config)#int f0/0

r1(config-if)#ip ospf cost 781

r1#sh ip ospf int f0/0

FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up

  Internet address is 14.0.0.1/8, Area 1

  Process ID 1, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 781

  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1

r1#sh ip route

C    12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1/0

C    14.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

O    23.0.0.0/8 [110/1562] via 12.0.0.2, 00:27:30, Serial1/0

O    34.0.0.0/8 [110/1562] via 14.0.0.4, 00:00:46, FastEthernet0/0

     172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C       172.16.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

O       172.16.8.0 [110/1563] via 12.0.0.2, 00:00:46, Serial1/0

                   [110/1563] via 14.0.0.4, 00:00:46, FastEthernet0/0

说明：OSPF的开销计算是按前往目标出方向的累加开销。由于数据通信是双向的，要实现返回数据的负载均衡，则还需要修改R4的f0/0的开销为781.