Linux Command Line and....ch13（更多的结构化命令—

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qqqqq1993qqqqq/article/details/73692350

本章内容：

for循环语句
until迭代语句使用while语句
循环
重定向循环的输出

13.1 for命令

for var in list 
do
    commands
done

在list参数中，需要提供迭代所要用到的一系列值

===
13.1.1 读取列表中的值

for循环假定每个值用空格分割

#!/bin/bash
# testing the for variable after the looping
for test in Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado 
do
echo "The last state we visited was $test" 
done
echo "The last state we visited was $test"
test=Connecticut
echo "Wait, now we're visiting $test"

$ ./script/test1
The last state we visited was Alabama
The last state we visited was Alaska
The last state we visited was Arizona
The last state we visited was Arkansas
The last state we visited was California
The last state we visited was Colorado
The last state we visited was Colorado
Wait, now we're visiting Connecticut

===
13.1.2 读取列表中的复杂值

#!/bin/bash
# another example of how not to use the for command
for test in I don\'t know if "this'll" work
do
    echo "word:$test"
done

单引号会让shell尝试把它之间的值解析成统一个词，所以单引号要做特殊操作

\#!/bin/bash
\# an example of how to properly define values
for test in Nevada "New Hampshire" "New Mexico" "New York"
do
    echo "Now going to $test"
done

如果单个值中间有空格，则用双引号围起来

===
13.1.3 从变量读取列表

#!/bin/bash
# using a variable to hold the list
list="Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas Colorado"
list=$list" Connecticut"  #该操作向list中拼接了一个值
 for state in $list
    do
        echo "Have you ever visited $state?"
    done

===
13.1.4 从命令中读取值

    #!/bin/bash
    # reading values from a file
    file="states"
    for state in $(cat $file)
    do
        echo "Visit beautiful $state"
    done
    $ cat states
    Alabama
    Alaska
    Arizona
    Arkansas
    Colorado
    Connecticut
    Delaware
    Florida
    Georgia

states是一个文件

===
13.1.5 更改字段分隔符
造成这个问题的原因是特定的环境变量IFS，叫作内部字段分隔符(internal field separator)。

bash shell会把空格、制表符、换行符当做分隔符

IFS=$'\n' #使得只降换行符当做分隔符

===
13.1.6 用通配符读取目录

for file in /home/rich/test/*
do
    if [ -d "$file" ]
    then
       echo "$file is a directory"
    elif [ -f "$file" ]
    then
       echo "$file is a file"
    fi
done
$ ./test6
/home/rich/test/dir1 is a directory
/home/rich/test/myprog.c is a file
/home/rich/test/myprog is a file
/home/rich/test/myscript is a file
/home/rich/test/newdir is a directory
/home/rich/test/newfile is a file
/home/rich/test/newfile2 is a file
/home/rich/test/testdir is a directory
/home/rich/test/testing is a file
/home/rich/test/testprog is a file
/home/rich/test/testprog.c is a file

if语句中，把file用双引号括起来了，防止因为文件名中有空格而出现问题。

13.2 C语言风格的for命令

13.2.1 C语言的for命令

#!/bin/bash
# testing the C-style for loop
for (( i=1; i <= 10; i++ ))
do
    echo "The next number is $i"
done

试了一下，for的括号里，几个表达式之间的空格都去掉也是可以解析的

    #!/bin/bash
    # multiple variables
    for (( a=1, b=10; a <= 10; a++, b-- ))
    do
        echo "$a - $b"
    done

多个变量也ok

13.3 while命令

13.3.1 while命令的基本格式

while test command
do
other commands
done

#!/bin/bash
# while command test
var1=10
while [ $var1 -gt 0 ]
do
echo $var1
    var1=$[ $var1 - 1 ]
done

上面的空格不能少，否则无法形成有效的判断

===
13.3.2 使用多个测试命令

#!/bin/bash
# testing a multicommand while loop
var1=10
while echo $var1
       [ $var1 -ge 0 ]
do
    echo "This is inside the loop"
    var1=$[ $var1 - 1 ]
done

以最后一个测试命令的状态码结束循环

出现死循环的时候用ctrl+C终止

13.4 until明令

until test commands 
do
   other commands
done

#!/bin/bash
# using the until command
var1=100
until [ $var1 -eq 0 ]
do
    echo $var1
    var1=$[ $var1 - 25 ]
done

13.5 嵌套循环

     #!/bin/bash
     # nesting for loops
     for (( a = 1; a <= 3; a++ ))
     do
         echo "Starting loop $a:"
         for (( b = 1; b <= 3; b++ ))
         do
             echo "Inside the loop" 
         done
    done

注意done不要写漏了

13.6 循环处理数据文件

使用嵌套循环+修改IFS值

    #!/bin/bash
    # changing the IFS value
    IFS=$'\n'
    for entry in $(cat /etc/passwd)
    do
        echo "Values in $entry –"
        IFS=:
        for value in $entry
        do
           echo "   $value"
        done
    done

13.7 控制循环

break和continue

※ shell中的break可以用来跳出外部循环
break n
n指定了要跳出的循环层级

    #!/bin/bash
    # breaking out of an outer loop
    for (( a = 1; a < 4; a++ ))
    do
       echo "Outer loop: $a"
       for (( b = 1; b < 100; b++ ))
       do
          if [ $b -gt 4 ]
          then
            break 2 
          fi
          echo "Inner loop: $b" 
       done
    done

虽然这里只有两层循环，但是写break 3也是可以的（？）

continue命令

也有continue n 的用法

 for (( a = 1; a <= 5; a++ ))
    do
       echo "Iteration $a:"
       for (( b = 1; b < 3; b++ ))
       do
          if [ $a -gt 2 ] && [ $a -lt 4 ]
          then
          continue 2
          fi
          var3=$[ $a * $b ]
          echo "The result of $a * $b is $var3"
       done 
    done

13.8 处理循环的输出
可以通过在done命令之后添加一个处理命令来实现。

for file in /home/rich/*
     do
       if [ -d "$file" ]
       then
          echo "$file is a directory"
       elif
          echo "$file is a file"
       fi
   done > output.txt

13.9 实例

13.9.1 查找可执行文件

IFS=:
for folder in $PATH
do
  echo "$folder:"
  for file in $folder/*
  do 
    if [ -x $file ]
    then
        echo "$file"

    fi
  done
done

===
13.9.2 创建多个用户账户

#!/bin/bash
# process new user accounts
input="users.csv"
while IFS=',' read -r userid name
do
  echo "adding $userid"
  useradd -c "$name" -m $userid
done < "$input"
$

$ cat users.csv
    rich,Richard Blum
    christine,Christine Bresnahan
    barbara,Barbara Blum
    tim,Timothy Bresnahan
$