Linux Command Line and....ch15（呈现数据）

本章内容：

• 再探重定向
• 标准输入和输出
• 报告错误
• 丢弃数据
• 创建日志文件

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15.1 理解输入和输出

将脚本输出导向特定位置。

15.1.1 标准文件描述符

Linux用文件描述符来标识每个对象。

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15.1.2 重定向错误

1.只重定向错误

$ ls -al badfile 2> test4

2是STDERR的文件描述符

2.重定向错误和数据

$ ls -al test test2 test3 badtest 2> test6 1> test7

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15.2 在脚本中重定向输出

15.2.1 临时重定向

必须要加&

#!/bin/bash
# testing STDERR messages
echo "This is an error" >&2
echo "This is normal output"

$ ./test8 2> test9
This is normal output
$ cat test9
This is an error

===
15.2.2 永久重定向

    #!/bin/bash
    # redirecting output to different locations
    exec 2>testerror
    echo "This is the start of the script"
    echo "now redirecting all output to another location"
    exec 1>testout
    echo "This output should go to the testout file"
    echo "but this should go to the testerror file" >&2
    $
    $ ./test11
    This is the start of the script
    now redirecting all output to another location
    $ cat testout
    This output should go to the testout file
    $ cat testerror
    but this should go to the testerror file

exec命令会启动一个新shell并将STDOUT文件描述重定向到文件。脚本中发给STDOUT的所有输出会被重向到文件。

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15.3 在脚本中重定向输入

#!/bin/bash
# redirecting file input
exec 0< testfile
count=1
while read line
do
   echo "Line #$count: $line"
   count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done

此时read从文件中读取数据，而不是键盘。

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15.4 创建自己的重定向

15.4.1 创建输出文件描述符

#!/bin/bash
# using an alternative file descriptor
exec 3>test13out
echo "This should display on the monitor"
echo "and this should be stored in the file" >&3
echo "Then this should be back on the monitor"

$ ./test13
This should display on the monitor
Then this should be back on the monitor
$ cat test13out
and this should be stored in the file

===
15.4.2 重定向文件描述符

#!/bin/bash
# storing STDOUT, then coming back to it
exec 3>&1
exec 1>test14out
echo "This should store in the output file"
echo "along with this line."
exec 1>&3    
echo "Now things should be back to normal"
$
$ ./test14
Now things should be back to normal
$ cat test14out
This should store in the output file
along with this line.

先把3定位到文件描述符1的当前位置，也就是STDOUT

===
15.4.3 创建输入文件描述符

#!/bin/bash
# redirecting input file descriptors
exec 6<&0  
exec 0< testfile
count=1 
while read line
do
    echo"Line #$count:$line"
    count=$[ $count + 1 ] 
done
exec 0<&6
read -p "Are you done now? " answer
case $answer in 
Y|y) echo "Goodbye";;
N|n) echo "Sorry, this is the end.";;
esac

===
15.4.4 创建读写文件描述符

===
15.4.5 关闭文件描述符

exec 3>&-

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15.5 列出打开的文件描述符

lsof命令会列出整个Linux系统打开的所有文件描述符。

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15.6 阻止命令输出

$ cat /dev/null > testfile
$ cat testfile

可用于将testfile中的数据清空，又不必删除这个文件

$ ls -al badfile test16 2> /dev/null

重定向到该位置的任何数据都会被丢掉

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15.7 创建临时文件

15.7.1 创建临时本地文件

$ mktemp testing.XXXXXX

mktemp命令会用6个字符码代替这6个X，从而保证其在文件目录中是唯一的。

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15.7.2 在/tmp 目录创建临时文件

$ mktemp -t test.XXXXXX

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15.7.3 创建临时目录

mktemp -d dir.XXXXXX

    #!/bin/bash
    # using a temporary directory
    tempdir=$(mktemp -d dir.XXXXXX)
    cd $tempdir
    tempfile1=$(mktemp temp.XXXXXX)
    tempfile2=$(mktemp temp.XXXXXX)
    exec 7> $tempfile1
    exec 8> $tempfile2
    echo "Sending data to directory $tempdir"
    echo "This is a test line of data for $tempfile1" >&7
    echo "This is a test line of data for $tempfile2" >&8

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15.8 记录消息

tee filename
tee -a filename 追加数据

    #!/bin/bash
    # using the tee command for logging
    tempfile=test22file
    echo "This is the start of the test" | tee $tempfile
    echo "This is the second line of the test" | tee -a $tempfile
    echo "This is the end of the test" | tee -a $tempfile
    $ ./test22
    This is the start of the test
    This is the second line of the test
    This is the end of the test
    $ cat test22file
    This is the start of the test
    This is the second line of the test
    This is the end of the test

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15.9 实例

#!/bin/bash
# read file and create INSERT statements for MySQL
outfile='members.sql'
IFS=','
while read lname fname address city state zip
do
  cat >> $outfile << EOF
  INSERT INTO members(lname,fname,address,city,state,zip) VALUES ('$lname', '$fname', '$address', '$city', '$state', '$zip');
EOF
done < ${1}

$ cat members.csv
Blum,Richard,123 Main St.,Chicago,IL,60601
Blum,Barbara,123 Main St.,Chicago,IL,60601


$ ./test23 < members.csv

$ cat members.sql
INSERT INTO members (lname,fname,address,city,state,zip) VALUES ('Blum',
'Richard', '123 Main St.', 'Chicago', 'IL', '60601');
INSERT INTO members (lname,fname,address,city,state,zip) VALUES ('Blum',
'Barbara', '123 Main St.', 'Chicago', 'IL', '60601');