C++11中的rvalue references（一）：左值和右值（lvalue and rvalue）

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“If you’re an experienced C++ programmer and are anything like me, you initially approached C++11 thinking, “Yes, yes, I get it. It’s C++, only more so.” But as you learned more, you were surprised by the scope of the changes. auto declarations, range-based for loops, lambda expressions, and rvalue references change the face of C++, to say nothing of the new concurrency features. And then there are the idiomatic changes. 0 and typedefs are out, nullptr and alias
declarations are in. Enums should now be scoped. Smart pointers are now preferable to built-in ones. Moving objects is normally better than copying them.
- Effective Modern C++ by Scott Meyers*

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这是大牛在Effective Modern C++中的一段对新C++特性的总结。其中rvalue references是一个比较核心的改进，对某些情况下对C++代码的效率很有帮助。最近在看相关的文档，笔者想写篇关于rvalue references的介绍性文章；准备分两部分：第一部分介绍下什么是rvalue和rvalue references，第二部分介绍它的应用。

lvalue 和 rvalue

lvalue和rvalue的概念最初来自C语言，后来C++对它们有所扩展。最初，在C里lvalue和rvalue貌似分别指一个赋值表达式的左边和右边值。（“L” stands for “left” and “R” stands for “right“）C++引入后，这个名字里左边啊，右边啊，就变得不那么清晰了；也就是C++里它们不再局限于赋值表达式的左边和右边了。
首先，有一点是肯定的，C++里一个表达式要么是lvalue的，要么是rvalue。这里有一点要强调，lvalue和rvalue的是表达式的属性，不是object的属性。（C++03 3.10/1 says: “Every expression is either an lvalue or an rvalue.”）
lvalue一般是有可以寻址的存储位置&#x