全虚拟化和半虚拟化

全虚拟化技术

全虚拟化技术会完全的虚拟操作系统硬件和环境,跟真实机器没有任何区别(至少对于虚拟机内的操作系统是这样),操作系统并不知道自己运行在虚拟机中,因此操作系统也不需要做任何的改动,理论上全虚拟化支持各种平台的操作系统,即使不开源的windows也可以。


半虚拟化技术

半虚拟化只虚拟了目标操作系统中平台相关的部分,目标系统需要修改部分代码以便于与宿主机协调进行工作,宿主可直接控制虚拟机的内存(甚至让虚拟机直接使用宿主的物理内存)。如果宿主机和虚拟机操作系统架构相同,虚拟机内的指令可直接在宿主的真实cpu上执行,使虚拟机效率无限接近于真机。因为该技术需要修改操作系统内核,因此比较适合linux等开源操作系统。


关于半虚拟化

比如在x86上实现android模拟器,android模拟器的操作系统内核和环境部分可以完全用x86实现,指令直接在真机执行,只有android中与平台有关(ARM)的模块或者程序通过指令翻译实现,甚至部分相通的代码都不需要翻译,直接调用宿主x86的代码(例如OpenGL),这样可以使模拟器最大程度上的接近于真机性能。

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In 1998, VMware figured out how to virtualize the x86 platform, once thought to be impossible, and created the market for x86 virtualization. The solution was a combination of binary translation and direct execution on the processor that allowed multiple guest OSes to run in full isolation on the same computer with readily affordable virtualization overhead. The savings that tens of thousands of companies have generated from the deployment of this technology is further driving the rapid adoption of virtualized computing from the desktop to the data center. As new vendors enter the space and attempt to differentiate their products, many are creating confusion with their marketing claims and terminology. For example, while hardware assist is a valuable technique that will mature and expand the envelope of workloads that can be virtualized, paravirtualization is not an entirely new technology that offers an “order of magnitude” greater performance. While this is a complex and rapidly evolving space, the technologies employed can be readily explained to help companies understand their options and choose a path forward. This white paper attempts to clarify the various techniques used to virtualize x86 hardware, the strengths and weaknesses of each, and VMware’s community approach to develop and employ the most effective of the emerging virtualization techniques. Figure 1 provides a summary timeline of x86 virtualization technologies from VMware’s binary translation to the recent application of kernel paravirtualization and hardware-assisted virtualization.

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