-
- C++中实现回调机制的几种方式
(1)Callback方式
Callback的本质是设置一个函数指针进去,然后在需要需要触发某个事件时调用该方法, 比如Windows的窗口消息处理函数就是这种类型。比如下面的示例代码,我们在Download完成时需要触发一个通知外面的事件:
- typedef void (__stdcall *DownloadCallback)(const char* pURL, bool bOK);
- void DownloadFile(const char* pURL, DownloadCallback callback)
- {
- cout << "downloading: " << pURL << "" << endl;
- callback(pURL, true);
- }
- void __stdcall OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK)
- {
- cout << "OnDownloadFinished, URL:" << pURL << " status:" << bOK << endl;
- }
(2)Sink方式
Sink的本质是你按照对方要求实现一个C++接口,然后把你实现的接口设置给对方,对方需要触发事件时调用该接口, COM中连接点就是居于这种方式。上面下载文件的需求,如果用Sink实现,代码如下:
- class IDownloadSink
- {
- public:
- virtual void OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK) = 0;
- };
- class CMyDownloader
- {
- public:
- CMyDownloader(IDownloadSink* pSink)
- :m_pSink(pSink)
- {
- }
- void DownloadFile(const char* pURL)
- {
- cout << "downloading: " << pURL << "" << endl;
- if(m_pSink != NULL)
- {
- m_pSink->OnDownloadFinished(pURL, true);
- }
- }
- private:
- IDownloadSink* m_pSink;
- };
- class CMyFile: public IDownloadSink
- {
- public:
- void download()
- {
- CMyDownloader downloader(this);
- downloader.DownloadFile("www.baidu.com");
- }
- virtual void OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK)
- {
- cout << "OnDownloadFinished, URL:" << pURL << " status:" << bOK << endl;
- }
- };
(3)Delegate方式
Delegate的本质是设置成员函数指针给对方,然后让对方在需要触发事件时调用。C#中用Delegate的方式实现Event,让C++程序员很是羡慕,C++中因为语言本身的关系,要实现Delegate还是很麻烦的。上面的例子我们用Delegate的方式实现如下:
- class CDownloadDelegateBase
- {
- public:
- virtual void Fire(const char* pURL, bool bOK) = 0;
- };
- template<typename O, typename T>
- class CDownloadDelegate: public CDownloadDelegateBase
- {
- typedef void (T::*Fun)(const char*, bool);
- public:
- CDownloadDelegate(O* pObj = NULL, Fun pFun = NULL)
- :m_pFun(pFun), m_pObj(pObj)
- {
- }
- virtual void Fire(const char* pURL, bool bOK)
- {
- if(m_pFun != NULL
- && m_pObj != NULL)
- {
- (m_pObj->*m_pFun)(pURL, bOK);
- }
- }
- private:
- Fun m_pFun;
- O* m_pObj;
- };
- template<typename O, typename T>
- CDownloadDelegate<O,T>* MakeDelegate(O* pObject, void (T::*pFun)(const char* pURL, bool))
- {
- return new CDownloadDelegate<O, T>(pObject, pFun);
- }
- class CDownloadEvent
- {
- public:
- ~CDownloadEvent()
- {
- vector<CDownloadDelegateBase*>::iterator itr = m_arDelegates.begin();
- while (itr != m_arDelegates.end())
- {
- delete *itr;
- ++itr;
- }
- m_arDelegates.clear();
- }
- void operator += (CDownloadDelegateBase* p)
- {
- m_arDelegates.push_back(p);
- }
- void operator -= (CDownloadDelegateBase* p)
- {
- ITR itr = remove(m_arDelegates.begin(), m_arDelegates.end(), p);
- ITR itrTemp = itr;
- while (itrTemp != m_arDelegates.end())
- {
- delete *itr;
- ++itr;
- }
- m_arDelegates.erase(itr, m_arDelegates.end());
- }
- void operator()(const char* pURL, bool bOK)
- {
- ITR itrTemp = m_arDelegates.begin();
- while (itrTemp != m_arDelegates.end())
- {
- (*itrTemp)->Fire(pURL, bOK);
- ++itrTemp;
- }
- }
- private:
- vector<CDownloadDelegateBase*> m_arDelegates;
- typedef vector<CDownloadDelegateBase*>::iterator ITR;
- };
- class CMyDownloaderEx
- {
- public:
- void DownloadFile(const char* pURL)
- {
- cout << "downloading: " << pURL << "" << endl;
- downloadEvent(pURL, true);
- }
- CDownloadEvent downloadEvent;
- };
- class CMyFileEx
- {
- public:
- void download()
- {
- CMyDownloaderEx downloader;
- downloader.downloadEvent += MakeDelegate(this, &CMyFileEx::OnDownloadFinished);
- downloader.DownloadFile("www.baidu.com");
- }
- virtual void OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK)
- {
- cout << "OnDownloadFinished, URL:" << pURL << " status:" << bOK << endl;
- }
- };
可以看到Delegate的方式代码量比上面其他2种方式大多了,并且我们上面是固定参数数量和类型的实现方式,如果要实现可变参数,要更加麻烦的多。可变参数的方式可以参考这2种实现:
Yet Another C#-style Delegate Class in Standard C++
Member Function Pointers and the Fastest Possible C++ Delegates
我们可以用下面的代码测试我们上面的实现:
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- DownloadFile("www.baidu.com", OnDownloadFinished);
- CMyFile f1;
- f1.download();
- CMyFileEx ff;
- ff.download();
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }
最后简单比较下上面3种实现回调的方法:
第一种Callback的方法是面向过程的,使用简单而且灵活,正如C语言本身。
第二种Sink的方法是面向对象的,在C++里使用较多, 可以在一个Sink里封装一组回调接口,适用于一系列比较固定的回调事件。
第三种Delegate的方法也是面向对象的,和Sink封装一组接口不同,Delegate的封装是以函数为单位,粒度比Sink更小更灵活。
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你更倾向于用哪种方式来实现回调?