转载 https://www.cnblogs.com/wanghuaijun/p/9532604.html
概要:多线程通信的方式,同步和异步
**同步:**互斥锁,条件变量,读写锁,信号量。
**异步:**信号
一. 同步机制
线程间的同步机制主要包括三个:
互斥锁:
以排他的方式,防止共享资源被并发访问;互斥锁为二元变量, 状态为0-开锁、1-上锁;开锁必须由上锁的线程执行,不受其它线程干扰.
条件变量:
满足某个特定条件时,可通过条件变量通知其它线程do-something;必须与互斥锁*联合使用,单独无法执行.
读写锁:
针对多读者,少写者的情况设定,允许多读,但此时不可写;唯一写,此时不可读.
函数的头文件为:> #include <phtread.h>
1. 互斥锁
操作流程:
I. 创建互斥锁。II. 申请锁:若可用,立刻占用;否则,阻塞等待。III. do-something。IV. 释放锁。V. 销毁锁。
以下是互斥锁的基本操作函数:功能 函数 参数 返回值 说明:
1、初始化锁
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex,const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr)
mutex: 欲建立的互斥锁
attr:属性,一般为NULL
成功:0,失败:非零值
2、阻塞申请锁
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
mutex:互斥锁
成功:0,失败:非零值 ,若未申请到,阻塞等待
3、非阻塞申请
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
mutex:互斥锁
成功:0,失败:非零值 ,若未申请到,返回错误
4、释放锁
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
mutex:互斥锁
成功:0,失败:非零值
5、销毁锁
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
mutex:互斥锁
成功:0,失败:非零值
2. 条件变量
注意,条件变量必须与互斥锁共同使用;
以下是条件变量的基本操作函数:功能 函数 参数 返回值 说明
1、初始化锁
int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *cond,const pthread_condattr_t *attr)
cond: 欲建立的条件变量
attr:属性,一般为NULL
成功:0,失败:非零值
2、等待条件变量
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *cond,pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
cond:条件变量
mutex:互斥锁
成功:0,失败:非零值 阻塞等待,隐含释放申请到的互斥锁
3、限时等待条件变量
int pthread_cond_timewait(pthread_cond_t *cond,pthread_mutex_t *mutex,const struct timespec *time)
time:等待过期的绝对时间
从1970-1-1:0:0:0起
成功:0,失败:非零值
struct timespec{long ts_sec;long ts_nsec}
4、单一信号通知
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond)
cond:条件变量
成功:0,失败:非零值 唤醒等待cond的第一个线程,隐含获取需要的互斥锁
5、广播信号通知
int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond)
cond:条件变量
成功:0,失败:非零值, 唤醒所有等待cond的线程 ,隐含获取需要的互斥锁
6、销毁条件变量
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond)
cond:条件变量
成功:0,失败:非零值
3. 读写锁
读写基本原则:
若当前线程读数据,则允许其他线程读数据,但不允许写,若当前线程写数据,则不允许其他线程读、写数据
以下是基本的操作:功能 函数 参数 返回值 说明:
1、初始化锁
int pthread_rwlock_init(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock,const pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr)
rwlock: 欲建立的读写锁
attr:属性,一般为NULL
成功:0失败:非零值
2、阻塞申请读锁
int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
rwlock:读写锁
成功:0,失败:非零值 若未申请到,阻塞等待
3、非阻塞申请
int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
rwlock:读写锁
成功:0,失败:非零值 若未申请到,返回错误
4、阻塞申请写锁
int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
rwlock:读写锁
成功:0,失败:非零值 若未申请到,阻塞等待
5、非阻塞申请写锁
int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
rwlock:读写锁 成功:0,失败:非零值 若未申请到,返回错误
6、释放锁
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
rwlock:读写锁 成功:0,失败:非零值
7、销毁锁
int pthread_rwlock_destroy(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
rwlock:读写锁 成功:0,失败:非零值
4. 线程信号量
线程信号量类似进程的信号量,主要是使得多个线程访问共享资源时,顺序互斥访问。
与互斥锁的区别在于:互斥锁:只有一个bool类型的值,只允许2个线程进行排队;信号量:允许多个线程共同等待一个共享资源
函数如下: #include <semaphore.h>
功能 函数 参数 返回值 说明:
1、创建信号量
int sem_init(sem_t *sem,int pshared, unsigned int value)
sem:信号量地址; pshared:是(!=0)否(0)为共享信号量,value:信号量初值
0: 成功,-1: 失败
2、P操作(阻塞)
int sem_wait(sem_t *sem)
sem:信号量地址
0: 成功,-1: 失败
3、P操作(非阻塞)
int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem)
sem:信号量地址
0: 成功,-1: 失败
4、P操作(时间)
int sem_timedwait(sem_t *sem,const struct timespec *abs_timeout)
sem:信号量地址,abs_timeout:超时时间
0: 成功,-1: 失败
struct timespec 见下面
5、V操作
int sem_post(sem_t *sem)
sem:信号量地址
0: 成功,-1: 失败
6、获取信号量值
int sem_getvalue(sem_t *sem, int *sval)
sem:信号量地址,sval: 将信号量值放到该地址
0: 成功,-1: 失败
7、删除信号量
int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem)
sem:信号量地址
0: 成功,-1: 失败
struct timespec {
time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds /
long tv_nsec; / Nanoseconds [0 … 999999999] */
};
二. 异步机制 - 信号
线程的异步机制只有信号,类似于线程的信号。
线程信号具备以下特点:
任何线程都可以向其它线程(同一进程下)发送信号;每个线程都具备自己独立的信号屏蔽集,不影响其它线程;线程创建时,不继承原线程的信号屏蔽集;同进程下,所有线程共享对某信号的处理方式,即一个设置,所有有效;多个线程的程序,向某一个线程发送终止信号,则整个进程终止。
信号的基本操作如下:功能 函数 参数 返回值 说明
1、安装信号
sighandler_t signal( int signum, sighandler_t handler)
signum:信号值,handler:信号操作
详情参见:http://www.cnblogs.com/Jimmy1988/p/7575103.html
2、发送信号
int pthread_kill( pthread_t threadid,int signo)
threadid: 目标线程id,signo:信号值
成功:0,失败:非零值
若signo=0,检测该线程是否存在
3、不发送信号设置屏蔽集
pthread_sigmask(int how,const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldset)
how:如何更改信号掩码,newmask:新的信号屏蔽集,原信号屏蔽集
成功:0,失败:非零值
how值:
1.SIG_BLOCK:添加新掩码
2.SIG_UNBLOCK:删除新掩码
3.SIG_SETMASK:设置新掩码完全替换旧值
也可以参考这篇博客:https://www.cnblogs.com/coding-my-life/p/4782529.html
三、示例代码,同步机制:
1). 互斥锁:
两个线程:
读线程:从stdin中读取数据,并存储。
写线程:从存储buffer中读取数据并显示。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define SIZE 128
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
int EXIT = 0;
char word[SIZE];
void * child(void *arg)
{
while(1)
{
while(strlen(word) == 0)
usleep(100);
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
printf("The input words: %s\n", word);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
if(strcmp("end\n", word) == 0)
{
printf("The process end\n");
EXIT = 1;
break;
}
memset(word, '\0', SIZE);
}
return ;
}
int main()
{
//1. create the lock
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
//2.create a new thread
pthread_t tid;
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, (void *)*child, NULL);
//3. Input words
while(EXIT == 0)
{
if(strlen(word)!=0)
usleep(100);
//add the lock
else
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
printf("Input words: ");
fgets(word, SIZE, stdin);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
}
pthread_join(tid, NULL);
printf("The child has joined\n");
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
return 0;
}
2). 条件变量:
生产者和消费者问题:
生产者:
向仓库生产数据(大小可任意设定),当满时,阻塞等待仓库有空闲(由消费者消费完后通知)
消费者:
从仓库读数据,若仓库为空,则阻塞等待,当生产者再次生产产品后通知
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#define SIZE 2
int Data[SIZE];
typedef struct
{
pthread_mutex_t lock;
pthread_cond_t notFull;
pthread_cond_t notEmpty;
int read_point;
int write_point;
}sCOND;
sCOND *pCondLock;
void init(void)
{
//memset(pCondLock, 0, sizeof(sCOND));
//1.Create a mutex lock
pthread_mutex_init(&pCondLock->lock, NULL);
//2.Create two condition variable
pthread_cond_init(&pCondLock->notFull, NULL);
pthread_cond_init(&pCondLock->notEmpty, NULL);
//set the read and write point 0
pCondLock->read_point = 0;
pCondLock->write_point = 0;
}
int put(int data)
{
//obtain the mutex lock
pthread_mutex_lock(&pCondLock->lock);
//check the global variable Data full or not
while((pCondLock->write_point+1)%SIZE == pCondLock->read_point)
{
printf("The buf is full, waitting for not_full signal\n");
pthread_cond_wait(&pCondLock->notFull, &pCondLock->lock);
}
//write the data to buffer
Data[pCondLock->write_point] = data;
pCondLock->write_point++;
if(pCondLock->write_point == SIZE)
pCondLock->write_point = 0;
//unlock the mutex lock
pthread_mutex_unlock(&pCondLock->lock);
//wake up the not_empty signal
pthread_cond_signal(&pCondLock->notEmpty);
return 0;
}
int get(int *data)
{
//obtain the mutex lock
pthread_mutex_lock(&pCondLock->lock);
//check the global variable Data empty or not
while(pCondLock->write_point == pCondLock->read_point)
{
printf("The buf is empty, waitting for not_empty signal\n");
pthread_cond_wait(&pCondLock->notEmpty, &pCondLock->lock);
}
//read the data from buffer
*data = Data[pCondLock->read_point];
pCondLock->read_point++;
if(pCondLock->read_point == SIZE)
pCondLock->read_point = 0;
//wake up the not_empty signal
pthread_cond_signal(&pCondLock->notFull);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&pCondLock->lock);
return *data;
}
void *produce(void)
{
int times=0;
//1. first 5 times, every second write a data to buffer
for(times=0; times < 5; times++)
{
sleep(1);
put(times+1);
printf("Input date=%d\n", times+1);
}
//2. last 5 times, every 3 seconds write a data to buffer
for(times = 5; times < 10; times++)
{
sleep(3);
put(times+1);
printf("Input date=%d\n", times+1);
}
}
void *consume(void)
{
int times=0;
int data=0;
//10 times, every 2 seconds read the buffer
for(times = 0; times < 10; times++)
{
sleep(2);
data = get(&data);
printf("The data is %d\n", data);
}
}
int main()
{
pthread_t tid1, tid2;
pCondLock = malloc(sizeof(sCOND));
memset(pCondLock, '\0', sizeof(sCOND));
//1.init the struct of sCondLock
init();
//2. start two threads
pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, (void*)*produce, NULL);
pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, (void*)*consume, NULL);
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
free(pCondLock);
return 0;
}
3). 读写锁:
四个线程:两读两写;
多线程可同时读,但此时不可写;
只有一个线程可写,其它线程等待该线程写完后执行响应的读/写操作
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define BUF_SIZE 128
char buf[BUF_SIZE];
pthread_rwlock_t rwlock;
int time_to_exit = 0;
void *read_first(void *arg);
void *read_second(void *arg);
void *write_first(void *arg);
void *write_second(void *arg);
int main()
{
pthread_t tid_rd1, tid_rd2;
pthread_t tid_wr1, tid_wr2;
//1.create a read-write-lock
int ret = pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_rwlock_init");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
//2. Create the read and write threads
ret = pthread_create(&tid_rd1, NULL, (void *)*read_first, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_create(&tid_rd2, NULL, (void *)*read_second, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_create(&tid_wr1, NULL, (void *)*write_first, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_create(&tid_wr2, NULL, (void *)*write_second, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
//3. wait for the threads finish
pthread_join(tid_rd1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid_rd2, NULL);
pthread_join(tid_wr1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid_wr2, NULL);
//4. delete the read-write-lock
pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock);
return 0;
}
/***************************************************/
// 1,Write threads
void *write_first(void *arg)
{
while(!time_to_exit)
{
sleep(5);
//1. get the read-lock
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
printf("\nThis is thread write_first!\n");
printf("Pls input the string: ");
fgets(buf, BUF_SIZE, stdin);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
printf("Exit the write_first!\n");
pthread_exit(0);
}
void *write_second(void *arg)
{
while(!time_to_exit)
{
sleep(10);
//1. get the read-lock
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
printf("\nThis is thread write_second!\n");
printf("Pls input the string: ");
fgets(buf, BUF_SIZE, stdin);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
printf("Exit the write_second!\n");
pthread_exit(0);
}
/*********************************************/
//2. read the threads
void *read_first(void *arg)
{
while(1)
{
sleep(5);
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
printf("\nThis is thread read_first\n");
//if write an string of "end"
if(!strncmp("end", buf, 3))
{
printf("Exit the read_first!\n");
break;
}
//if nothing in the BUFFER
while(strlen(buf) == 0)
{
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
sleep(2);
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
}
//output the string in BUFFER
printf("The string is: %s\n", buf);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
//make the exit true
time_to_exit = 1;
pthread_exit(0);
}
void *read_second(void *arg)
{
while(1)
{
sleep(4);
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
printf("\nThis is thread read_second\n");
//if write an string of "end"
if(!strncmp("end", buf, 3))
{
printf("Exit the read_second!\n");
break;
}
//if nothing in the BUFFER
while(strlen(buf) == 0)
{
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
sleep(2);
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
}
//output the string in BUFFER
printf("The string is: %s\n", buf);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
//make the exit true
time_to_exit = 1;
pthread_exit(0);
}
四、示例代码, 异步机制
1)- 信号:
本程序包括两个线程:
线程1安装SIGUSR1,阻塞除SIGUSR2外的所有信号;
线程2安装SIGUSR2,不阻塞任何信号
操作流程:
1- 线程1、2安装信号;
2- 主线程发送SIGUSR1和SIGUSR2至线程1和线程2;
3- 线程1接收到除SIGUSR2之外的信号,阻塞不执行;当收到SIGUSR2后,执行对应操作;
4- 线程2接收到SIGUSR1和SIGUSR2后,分别执行对应操作
5- 主线程发送SIGKILL信号,结束整个进程
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void *th_first(void *arg);
void *th_second(void *arg);
pthread_t tid1, tid2;
void handler(int signo)
{
printf("In handler: tid_%s, signo=%d\n", ((pthread_self() == tid1)?"first":"second"), signo);
}
int main()
{
int ret = 0;
//1. create first thread
ret = pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, (void *)*th_first, NULL);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
//2. create second thread
ret = pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, (void *)*th_second, NULL);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sleep(2);
//3. send the signal of SIG_USER1 and SIG_USER2 to thread_first
ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGUSR1);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGUSR2);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
//4. send the signal of SIG_USER1 and SIG_USER2 to thread_second_
sleep(1);
ret = pthread_kill(tid2, SIGUSR1);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_kill(tid2, SIGUSR2);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sleep(1);
//5. send SIGKILL to all threads
ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGKILL);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
return 0;
}
void *th_first(void *arg)
{
//1. Add SIGUSR1 signal
signal(SIGUSR1, handler);
//2. Set the sinagl set
sigset_t set;
sigfillset(&set); //init set to be full, include all signal
sigdelset(&set, SIGUSR2); //delete the SIGUSR2 from the set variable
pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &set, NULL); //set the current mask set to be defined set variable
//3. Circular wait the signal
int i;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf("\nThis is th_first, tid=%#x\n ", pthread_self());
pause();
}
}
void *th_second(void *arg)
{
usleep(100);
//1. Add the signal of SIGUSR2
signal(SIGUSR2, handler);
//2. Circular wait the signal
int i;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf("\nThis is th_second, tid=%#x\n", pthread_self());
pause();
}
}