程序员的自我修养：MiniCRT自制C语言运行库

程序员的自我修养一书中，在最后一章专门介绍一款小型的C语言运行库，并给出了详细的代码实现。阅读该代码实现，可以对C语言运行库提供的语言抽象层得到更深的理解。Talk is cheap, show code!

minicrt.h： MiniCRT的文件头

#ifndef __MINI_CRT_H__
#define __MINI_CRT_H__
#endif

/*定义C++相关的函数，以使得函数的兼容性得到满足，但是依旧按照C的修饰规则来进行导出函数名修饰，即使用extern "C"*/
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

//malloc
#ifndef NULL
#define NULL (0)
#endif

void free(void* ptr);
void* malloc( unsigned size );
static int brk( void* end_data_segment );
int mini_crt_init_heap();

//字符串
char* itoa(int n, char* str, int radix);
int strcmp(const char* src, const char* dst);
char* strcpy(char* dest, const char* src);
unsigned strlen(const char* sr);

//文件与IO
typedef int FILE;

#define EOF (-1)

/*FILE* 这个类型在Windows下实际上是内核句柄，要通过GetStdHandle的Windows API获得
而在Linux下则是文件描述符，标准输入输出是0,1,2，并不是指向FILE结构的地址*/

#ifdef  WIN32
#define stdin ( (FILE*) (GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)) )
#define stdout ( (FILE*) (GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)) )
#define stderr ( (FILE*) (GetStdHandle (STD_ERROR_HANDLE)) )
#else
#define stdin  ((FILE*) 0)
#define stdout  ((FILE*) 1)
#define stderr  ((FILE*) 2)
#endif

int mini_crt_init_io(); //省略了缓冲等诸多内容，miniCRT的IO基本无需初始化（即无需给打开文件列表进行空间分配），故而这个函数其实就是个空函数
FILE* fopen( const char* filename, const char* mode);
int fread(void* buffer, int size, int count, FILE* stream);
int fwrite(const void* bufffer, int size, int count, FILE* stream);
int fclose(FILE* fp);
int fseek(FILE* fp, int offset, int set);

//printf
int fputc( int c, FILE* stream );
int fputs( const char* str, FILE* stream);
int printf( const char* format, ...);
int fprintf(FILE* stream, const char* format,...);

//internal
void do_global_ctors();
void mini_crt_call_exit_routine();

//atexit
typedef void (*atexit_func_t) (void);
int atexit(atexit_func_t func);

#ifdef  __cplusplus
}
#endif

entry.c：运行库入口函数定义

#include "minicrt.h"

#ifdef  WIN32
#include <Windows.h>
#endif
//entry.c
extern int main(int argc, char* argv[]);//申明程序员编写的程序中的main函数
void exit(int);

static void crt_fatal_error(const char* msg)
{
    //printf("fatal error:%s", msg);
    exit(1);
}

void mini_crt_entry(void)
{
    int ret;

#ifdef WIN32
    int flag = 0;
    int argc = 0;
    char* argv[16]; //最多16个参数

    int sequentialSpaceNum = 0; //连续空格数目
    char* cl = GetCommandLineA(); //对于windows系统提供GetCommandLine这个API来返回整体命令行参数字符串

    //解析命令行
    argv[0] = cl;
    argc++;
    while(*cl) {
        if(*cl == '\"'){ //在字符串中的空格是有效的字符，所以需要设计标识位
            if(flag==0) flag=1;
            else flag = 0;
        }

        //如果不是在字符串期间遇到空格，则需要剔除空格
        else if(*cl == ' ' && flag == 0) {
            sequentialSpaceNum = 1; //空格数目为1

            while( *(cl+sequentialSpaceNum) == ' '){
                sequentialSpaceNum++;
            }

            if( *(cl+sequentialSpaceNum) ) {
                argv[argc] = cl + sequentialSpaceNum;
                argc++;
            }

            *cl = '\0';
            cl = cl + sequentialSpaceNum;
        }

        cl++;
    }

#else
    int argc; 
    char** argv;
    char* ebp_reg;
    asm(" movl %%ebp, %0  \n\t":"=r"(ebp_reg));

    argc = *(int*)(ebp_reg + 4);
    argv = (char**)(ebp_reg + 8);

#endif
    if (!mini_crt_init_heap())
        crt_fatal_error("heap initialize failed");
    if (!mini_crt_init_io())
        crt_fatal_error("IO initialize failed");
    ret = main(argc, argv);
    exit(ret);
}

void exit(int exitCode)
{
    //mini_crt_call_exit_routine();
#ifdef WIN32
    ExitProcess(exitCode);
#else
    asm("movl %0, %%ebx \n\t"
        "movl $1, %%eax \n\t"
        "int $0x80      \n\t"
        "hlt            \n\t"::"m"(exitCode));
#endif
}

malloc.c：堆的初始化和功能实现

//堆的实现
/*在遵循Mini CRT的原则下，我们将Mini CRT堆的实现归纳为以下几条
1.实现一个以空闲链表算法为基础的堆空间分配算法；
2.为了简单起见，堆空间大小固定为32MB，初始化后空间不再扩展或缩小；
3.在Windows平台下不适用HeapAlloc等堆分配算法，采用VirtualAlloc 向系统直接申请32MB空间，由我们自己的堆分配算法实现malloc
4.在Linux平台下，使用brk将数据段结束地址向后调整32MB，将这块空间作为堆空间
*/
/*
 brk系统调用可以设置进程的数据段.data边界，而sbrk可以移动进程的数据段边界，显然如果将数据段边界后移，就相当于分配了一定量的内存。但是这段内存初始只是分配了虚拟空间，这些空间的申请一开始是不会提交的（即不会分配物理页面），当进程师徒访问一个地址的时候，操作系统会检测到页缺少异常，从而会为被访问的地址所在的页分配物理页面。
故而这种被动的物理分配，又被称为按践踏分配，即不打不动。
*/
#include "minicrt.h"

typedef struct _heap_header
{
    enum{
        HEAP_BLOCK_FREE = 0xABABABAB, //空闲块的魔数
        HEAP_BLOCK_USED = 0xCDCDCDCD, //占用快的魔数
    }type;

    unsigned size;  //块的尺寸包括块的信息头
    struct _heap_header* next;
    struct _heap_header* prev;
}heap_header;

#define ADDR_ADD(a,o) ( ((char*) (a)) + o)
#define HEADER_SIZE (sizeof(heap_header))

static heap_header* list_head = NULL;

void free(void* ptr)
{
    heap_header* header = (heap_header*) ADDR_ADD(ptr, -HEADER_SIZE);
    if(header->type != HEAP_BLOCK_USED)
        return;

    header->type = HEAP_BLOCK_FREE;
    if(header->prev != NULL && header->prev->type == HEAP_BLOCK_FREE) {
        //释放块的前一个块也正好为空
        header->prev->next = header->next;
        if(header->next != NULL)
            header->next->prev = header->prev;
        header->prev->size += header->size;

        header = header->prev;
    }

    if(header->next != NULL && header->next->type == HEAP_BLOCK_FREE) {
        //释放块的后一个块也是空块
        header->size += header->next->size;
        header->next = header->next->next;
    }
}

void* malloc( unsigned size )
{
    heap_header* header;

    if(size == 0)
        return NULL;

    header = list_head;

//  fputs("\ninside the malloc\n", stdout);
//  fputs("outside the malloc-fuck you asshole\n", stdout);
    while(header != 0) {
        if (header->type == HEAP_BLOCK_USED) {
            header = header->next;
            continue;
        }

        //刚好碰到一个空闲快，且其块的大小大于所需size加上一个信息头尺寸，但是小于所需size加上两个信息头尺寸，即剩余的内部碎片就算分离出来，也没有利用价值了，直接整个块都分配给used，等待整体释放
        if (header->size > size + HEADER_SIZE &&
              header->size <= size + HEADER_SIZE*2) 
        {
            header->type = HEAP_BLOCK_USED;
            return ADDR_ADD(header, HEADER_SIZE);
        }
        //空闲块空间足够，且剩余的内部碎片分离出来还可以再使用
        if (header->size > size + HEADER_SIZE * 2) {
            //split
            heap_header* next = (heap_header*) ADDR_ADD(header, size+HEADER_SIZE);
            next->prev = header;
            next->next = header->next;
            next->type = HEAP_BLOCK_FREE;
            next->size = header->size - (size + HEADER_SIZE); //此处有误吧

            if (header->next != NULL)
                header->next->prev = next;

            header->next = next;
            header->size = size + HEADER_SIZE;
            header->type = HEAP_BLOCK_USED;
            return ADDR_ADD(header, HEADER_SIZE);
        };
        header = header->next;
    }

//  fputs("outside the malloc-fuck you asshole\n", stdout);
    //delete header;

    return NULL;
}

#ifndef WIN32
//Linux brk system call
static int brk(void* end_data_segment) {
    int ret = 0;
    //brk system call number:45
    //in /usr/include/asm-i386/unistd.h:
    //#define __NR_brk 45
    asm("movl $45, %%eax \n\t"
        "movl %1, %%ebx  \n\t"
        "int $0x80       \n\t"
        "movl %%eax, %0  \n\t"
        :"=r"(ret):"m"(end_data_segment) );
}
#endif

#ifdef WIN32
#include <Windows.h>
#endif

int mini_crt_init_heap()
{
    void* base = NULL;
    heap_header* header = NULL;
    //32MB heap size
    unsigned heap_size = 1024*1024*32;

//以base为起点分配32MB的内存空间   
#ifdef WIN32
    base = VirtualAlloc(0, heap_size, MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_READWRITE);
    if (base == NULL)
        return 0;
#else
    base = (void*)brk(0);
    void* end = ADDR_ADD(base, heap_size);
    end = (void*)brk(end);
    if(!end)
    {
        printf("Linux create heap fail\n");
        return 0;
    }
#endif

    header = (heap_header*) base;
    header->size = heap_size;
    header->type = HEAP_BLOCK_FREE;
    header->next = NULL;
    header->prev = NULL;

    list_head = header;
    if(header == 0){
        printf("Linux create heap fail\n");
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

string.c：字符串相关函数的封装和实现

/*这部分实现的是字符串相关的操作，主要是包括计算字符串长度、比较两个字符串、整数与字符串之间的转换等，由于这部分无需涉及任何和内核的交互，是纯粹的用户态的计算。实现较为简单*/
#include "minicrt.h"

char* itoa(int n, char* str, int radix)
{
    char digit[] = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
    char* p = str;
    char* head = str;

    if(!p || radix < 2 || radix > 36) //radix代表是几进制
        return p;
    if(radix != 10 && n < 0)
        return p;

    if (n == 0) //如果要转换的数字n为0，则直接在输出字符串中直接输出
    {
        *p++ = '0';
        *p = 0;
        return p;
    }
    if (radix == 10 && n < 0) //如果是10进制，且为负数，则先添加负号，然后转正留待后续处理
    {
        *p++ = '-';
        n = -n;
    }

    while (n)
    {
        *p++ = digit[n % radix];
        n /= radix;
    }
    *p = 0; //数字转换完了，末尾添加0

    //上面的数字字符串是倒序的，这里将数字字符串倒过来
    for (--p; head<p; ++head, --p)
    {
        char temp = *head;
        *head = *p;
        *p = temp;
    }
    return str;
}

int strcmp (const char* src, const char* dst)
{
    int ret = 0;
    unsigned char* p1 = (unsigned char*)src;
    unsigned char* p2 = (unsigned char*)dst;
    while( !(ret = *p1 - *p2) && *p2)
    {
        ++p1, ++p2;
    }

    if (ret < 0)
    ret = -1;
    else if(ret > 0)
        ret = 1;
    return(ret);
}

char* strcpy(char *dest, const char* src)
{
    char* ret = dest;
    while(*src)
        *dest++ = *src++;
    *dest = '\0';//字符串拷贝完后，手动在末尾添加\0
    return ret; //返回copy后的字符串的首
}

unsigned strlen(const char* str)
{
    int cnt = 0;

    if (!str)
        return 0;

    for (; (int)*str != 204 && *str != '\0'; ++str){
        //printf("inside the for-loop %d\n", cnt);
        ++cnt;
    }

    //printf("in the strlen return %d\n", cnt);
    return cnt;
}

int  fputc(int c, FILE* stream)
{
    if( fwrite(&c, 1, 1, stream) != 1)
        return EOF;
    else
        return c;
}

int fputs(const char* str, FILE* stream)
{
//  fputc('\n', stream);
    int len = strlen(str);
    if (fwrite(str,1,len, stream) != len)
        return EOF;
    else
        return len;
}

printf.c：printf输出函数的封装和实现

#include "minicrt.h"

#ifndef WIN32
#define va_list  char*
#define va_start(ap,arg) ( ap = (va_list)&arg + sizeof(arg))
#define va_arg(ap, t)    ( *(t*) ( (ap+=sizeof(t)) - sizeof(t) ) )
#define va_end(ap)       ( ap = (va_list) 0)
#else
#include <Windows.h>
#endif

//Mini CRT 中并不支持特殊的格式操作，仅支持%d和%s两种简单的转换
int vfprintf(FILE* stream, const char* format, va_list arglist )
{
    int translating = 0;
    int ret = 0; //记录最终输出的字符个数
    const char* p = 0;

//  fputs("***********entry the Vprintf*********\n",stream);

    for (p = format; *p && *p != '\0'; ++p)
    {
        switch (*p)
        {
            case '%':
                if (!translating)
                    translating = 1; //translating置为1，代表后面的字符需要解析
                else
                {
                    if (fputc('%', stream) < 0)
                        return EOF;
                    ++ret;
                    translating = 0;
                }
                break;
            case 'd':
                if (translating) //%d
                {
                    char buf[16] = {0};
                    translating = 0;
                    itoa( va_arg(arglist, int), buf, 10);
                    if (fputs(buf, stream) < 0)
                        return EOF;
                    ret += strlen(buf);
                    free(buf);
                    //buf = 0;
                }
                else if (fputc('d', stream) < 0)
                    return EOF;
                else
                    ++ret;
                break;
            case 's':
                if (translating) //%s
                {
                    const char* str = va_arg(arglist, const char*);
                    translating = 0;
                    if (fputs(str, stream) < 0)
                        return EOF;
                    ret += strlen(str);
                }
                else if (fputc ('s' , stream) < 0)
                    return EOF;
                else 
                    ++ret;
                break;
            default:
                if (translating)
                    translating = 0;
                if ( fputc(*p, stream) < 0 )
                    return EOF;
                else
                    ++ret;
                break;

        }
    }
//  fputs("************Get out the Vprintf*****************\n", stream);
    return ret;
}

int printf(const char* format, ...)
{

    //fputs("entry the printf*************\n", stdout);
    va_list(arglist);
    va_start(arglist, format);
    return vfprintf(stdout, format, arglist);
}

int fprintf(FILE* stream, const char* format, ...)
{
    va_list(arglist);
    va_start(arglist, format);
    return vfprintf(stream, format, arglist);
}

stdio.c：IO初始化和函数实现

//stdio.h
/*
1.为了简单起见，这里miniCRT不实现此前介绍的附带的buffer机制，不对Windows下的换行机制进行转换，即\r\n与\n不进行转换。
2.在Windows下，文件基本操作使用了Windows API（CreateFile,ReadFile,WriteFile,CloseHandle,SetFilePointer)
3.在Linux下，则使用系统调用open\read\write\close\seek
4.fopen时仅区分"r""w""+"这几种模式及它们的组合，不对文本模式和二进制模式进行区分，不支持追加模式（"a")。
*/

#include "minicrt.h"

int mini_crt_init_io()
{
    return 1;
}

#ifdef WIN32
#include <Windows.h>

FILE* fopen(const char* filename, const char* mode){
    Handle hFile = 0;
    int access = 0;
    int creation = 0;

    if(strcmp(mode, "w") == 0) {
        access != GENERIC_WRITE;
        creation |= CREATE_ALWAYS;
    }

    if(strcmp(mode, "w+") == 0) {
        access |= GENERIC_WRITE | GENERIC_READ;
        creation |= CREATR_ALWAYS;
    }

    if(strcmp(mode, "r") == 0) {
        access |= GENERIC_READ;
        creation += OPEN_EXISTING;
    }

    if(strcmp(mode, "r+") == 0) {
        access |= GENERIC_WRITE | GENERIC_READ;
        creation |= TRUNCATE_EXISTING;
    }

    hFile = CreateFileA(filename, access, 0, 0, creation, 0, 0);
    if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        return 0;

    return (FILE*)hFile;
}

int fread(void* buffer, int size, int count, FILE* stream)
{
    int read = 0;
    if (!ReadFile( (HANDLE)stream, buffer, size*count, &read, 0))
        return 0;
    return read;
}

/*
Windows API的ReadFILE()
BOOL ReadFile(
    HANDLE  hFile,//hFile为要读取的文件句柄，对应的是fread函数中stream参数
    LPVOID  lpBuffer,//lpBuffer是存储缓冲区的其实地址，对应fread函数中的buffer
    DWORD  nNumberofBytesToRead,//nNumberofBytesToRead代表要读取字节总数，等于fread函数中count * elementSize
    LPDWORD  lpNumberofBytesRead,//lpNumberOfBytesRead代表一个指向DWORD类型的指针，用来表示读取了多少个字节
    LPOVERLAPPED  lpOverlapped//lpOverlapped没用
);
*/

int fwrite(const void* buffer, int size, int count, FILE* stream)
{
    int written = 0;
    if (!WriteFile( (HANDLE)stream, buffer, size*count, &written, 0))
        return 0;
    return written;
}

int fclose(FILE* fp)
{
    return CloseHandle((HANDLE)fp);
}

int fseek(FILE* fp, int offset, int set)
{
    return SetFilePointer((HANDLE)fp, offset, 0, set);
}
/*
Windows API的SetFilePointer(
    HANDLE  hFile,//hFile为要读取的文件句柄，对应的是fread函数中stream参数
    LONG  IDistanceToMove, //偏移量（低位），指向64位偏移量的低32位
    PLONG lpDistanceToMoveHigh, //偏移量（高位），指向64位偏移量的高32位
    DWORD dwMoveMethod//基准位置,文件开始位置FILE_BEGIN/文件当前位置FILE_CURRENT/文件结束位置FILE_END
);
*/

#else //#ifdef WIN32
//movl这种AT&T汇编语言是UNIX下惯用的汇编语言Assembly Language
//mov这种intel汇编语言则是Windows下常用，
static int open(const char* pathname, int flags, int mode)
{
    int fd = 0;
    asm("movl $5, %%eax \n\t"
        "movl %1, %%ebx \n\t"
        "movl %2, %%ecx \n\t"
        "movl %3, %%edx \n\t"
        "int $0x80      \n\t"
        "movl %%eax, %0 \n\t":
        "=m"(fd):"m"(pathname), "m"(flags), "m"(mode) );
}

static int read( int fd, void* buffer, unsigned size)
{
    int ret = 0;
    asm("movl $3, %%eax  \n\t"
        "movl %1, %%ebx  \n\t"
        "movl %2, %%ecx  \n\t"
        "movl %3, %%edx  \n\t"
        "int $0x80       \n\t"
        "movl %%eax, %0  \n\t":
        "=m"(ret):"m"(fd), "m"(buffer), "m"(size) );
    return ret;
}

static int write( int fd, const void* buffer, unsigned size)
{
    int ret = 0;
    asm("movl $4, %%eax  \n\t"
        "movl %1, %%ebx  \n\t"
        "movl %2, %%ecx  \n\t"
        "movl %3, %%edx  \n\t"
        "int $0x80       \n\t"
        "movl %%eax, %0  \n\t":
        "=m"(ret):"m"(fd), "m"(buffer), "m"(size) );
    return ret;
}

static int close(int fd)
{
    int ret = 0;
    asm("movl $6, %%eax  \n\t"
        "movl %1, %%ebx  \n\t"
        "int $0x80       \n\t"
        "movl %%eax, %0  \n\t":
        "=m"(ret):"m"(fd) );
    return ret;
}

static int seek(int fd, int offset, int mode)
{
    int ret = 0;
    asm("movl $19, %%eax  \n\t"
        "movl %1, %%ebx  \n\t"
        "movl %2, %%ecx  \n\t"
        "movl %3, %%edx  \n\t"
        "int $0x80       \n\t"
        "movl %%eax, %0  \n\t":
        "=m"(ret):"m"(fd), "m"(offset), "m"(mode) );
    return ret;
}

FILE* fopen(const char* filename, const char* mode)
{
    int fd = -1;
    int flags = 0;
    int access = 00700; //创建文件的权限

    //来自于/usr/include/bits/fcntl.h
    //注意：以0开始的数字是八进制的
#define O_RDONLY   00
#define O_WRONLY   01
#define O_RDWR     02
#define O_CREAT    0100
#define O_TRUNC    01000
#define O_APPEND   02000

    if(strcmp(mode, "w") == 0)
        flags |= O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;

    if(strcmp(mode, "w+") == 0)
        flags |= O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;

    if(strcmp(mode, "r") == 0)
        flags |= O_RDONLY;

    if(strcmp(mode, "r+") == 0)
        flags |= O_RDWR | O_CREAT;

    fd = open(filename, flags, access);
    return (FILE*)fd;
}   

int fread(void* buffer, int size, int count, FILE* stream)
{
    return read( (int)stream, buffer, size*count );
}

int fwrite(const void* buffer, int size, int count, FILE* stream)
{
    return write( (int)stream, buffer, size*count );
}

int fclose(FILE* fp)
{
    return close( (int)fp);
}

int fseek(FILE* fp, int offset, int set)
{
    return seek( (int)fp, offset, set);
}

#endif

test.c：程序员的测试代码

#include "minicrt.h"

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) //莫名奇妙的形参只能传递使用一次
{
    int i;
    FILE* fp;
    char** v =(char**) malloc( argc * sizeof(char*) );
    char** tempArgv = argv;
    int tempArgc = argc;

    for(i=0; i<argc; ++i)
    {
        v[i] = (char*) malloc( strlen(tempArgv[i]) + 1);
        strcpy(v[i], tempArgv[i]);
    }

    fp = fopen("test.txt", "w");
    for(i = 0; i<tempArgc; ++i)
    {
        int len = strlen(v[i]);
        fwrite(&len, 1, sizeof(int), fp);
        fwrite(v[i], 1, len, fp);
    }
    fclose(fp);

    fp = fopen("test.txt", "r");
    for(i=0; i<tempArgc; ++i)
    {
        int len;
        char* buf;
        fread(&len, 1, sizeof(int), fp);
        buf =(char*) malloc(len + 1);
        fread(buf, 1, len, fp);
        buf[len] = '\0';
        printf("%d %s\n", len, buf);
        free(buf);
        free(v[i]);
    }
    fclose(fp);
}

MiniCRT运行库设计成可以兼容Linux和Windows，故而运行该程序需要分系统讨论

Linux下运行命令

$gcc -c -fno-builtin -nostdlib -fno-stack-protector entry.c malloc.c stdio.c string.c printf.c -m32 -g
$gcc -c -ggdb -fno-builtin -nostdlib -fno-stack-protector test.c -m32 -g
$ar -rs minicrt.a malloc.o printf.o stdio.o string.o
$ld -static -e mini_crt_entry entry.o test.o minicrt.a -o test -m elf_i386

-fno-builtin参数：关闭GCC的内置函数功能，默认情况下GCC会把strlen\strcmp等函数展开成它内部的实现；
-nostdlib：表示不适用任何来自Glibc、GCC的库文件和启动文件，它包含了-nostartfiles这个参数；
-fno-stack-protector：关闭堆栈保护功能，最新版本的GCC在处理变长参数函数的情况下会要求实现对堆栈的保护函数；
由于系统是64位ubuntu，故而需要在上面注明-m32或m elf_i386。
运行结果应该如下：

$ ./test arg1 arg2 124
6 ./test
4 arg1
4 arg2
3 124

Windows下运行命令

>cl /c /DWIN32 /GS- entry.c malloc.c printf.c stdio.c string.c
>lib entry.obj malloc.obj printf.obj stdio.obj string.obj /OUT:minicrt.lib
>cl /c /DWIN32 test.c
>link test.obj minicrt.lib kernel32.lib /NODEFAULTLIB /entry:mini_crt_entry

/DWIN32：启用cl的宏定义功能，即定义WIN32这个宏，这是代码中区分平台的关键宏；
/GS-：关闭堆栈保护功能，否则会在链接截断发生”_security_cookie”和”_security_check_cookie”符号未定义错误。