Handler、Message 和 Looper 源码的理解

1.Handler

handler的主要功能是发送消息和处理消息。在源码中,主要有四类方法:构造方法,获取 Message 的方法,发送 Message 的方法,处理Message 的方法。

1)handler 的构造方法。

可以看出,一个 handler 只对应一个 looper ,而 looper 和 thread 是一对一的关系。

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
}

public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
        mLooper = looper;
        mQueue = looper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
}

2)获取 Message

这些获取 Message 的方法,实际上都是通过 Message 类获取的。见 Message 类分析。

public final Message obtainMessage()
    {
        return Message.obtain(this);
    }

public final Message obtainMessage(int what)
    {
        return Message.obtain(this, what);
    }

public final Message obtainMessage(int what, Object obj)
    {
        return Message.obtain(this, what, obj);
    }

public final Message obtainMessage(int what, int arg1, int arg2)
    {
        return Message.obtain(this, what, arg1, arg2);
    }

public final Message obtainMessage(int what, int arg1, int arg2, Object obj)
    {
        return Message.obtain(this, what, arg1, arg2, obj);
    }

3)发送消息的方法

这些方法最终都是通过 sendMessageAtTime 方法来发送消息的。

public final boolean post(Runnable r)
    {
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }

public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, long uptimeMillis)
    {
        return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r), uptimeMillis);
    }

public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, Object token, long uptimeMillis)
    {
        return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r, token), uptimeMillis);
    }

public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, long delayMillis)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis);
    }

public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
    }

public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what)
    {
        return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0);
    }

public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
    }

public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }

public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

4)处理消息的方法

通过 dispatchMessage 方法处理消息。首先,如果 Message 的 callback(runnable)不为空,让此 callback(runnable)来处理;其次,让 handler 的内部类 Callback 的实例来处理;最后,如果都不处理,就让 handler 默认的 handleMessage 方法来处理。我们在创建 handler 的实例时,重写的就是 handleMessage 方法。

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

public interface Callback {
        public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
    }

public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
    }

 

2.Message

handler 获取 Message 的方法实际上就是调用了 Message 自己的静态方法。使用 handler.post(runnable) 方法时,runnable 最终成为 Message 的 callabck 成员变量。

sPool 默认为空,使用 new Message() 创建第一个 Message 并且此 Message 在 recycleUnchecked() 方法中被回收利用时,将它指向 sPool。sPool 和 next 实现 Message 的循环利用。因此推荐在代码中使用 obtain 方法而不是 new 方法来获取 Message。

主要源码如下。

 public int what;
 public int arg1; 
 public int arg2;
 public Object obj;
 /*package*/ long when;
 /*package*/ Handler target;
 /*package*/ Runnable callback;
 /*package*/ Message next;
 private static final Object sPoolSync = new Object();
 private static Message sPool;
 private static int sPoolSize = 0;
 private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50;

    private static boolean gCheckRecycle = true;
void recycleUnchecked() {
        // Mark the message as in use while it remains in the recycled object pool.
        // Clear out all other details.
        flags = FLAG_IN_USE;
        what = 0;
        arg1 = 0;
        arg2 = 0;
        obj = null;
        replyTo = null;
        sendingUid = -1;
        when = 0;
        target = null;
        callback = null;
        data = null;

        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {
                next = sPool;
                sPool = this;
                sPoolSize++;
            }
        }
    }

public static Message obtain() {
        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPool != null) {
                Message m = sPool;
                sPool = m.next;
                m.next = null;
                m.flags = 0; // clear in-use flag
                sPoolSize--;
                return m;
            }
        }
        return new Message();
    }

public static Message obtain(Handler h, Runnable callback) {
        Message m = obtain();
        m.target = h;
        m.callback = callback;

        return m;
    }

public static Message obtain(Handler h, int what, 
            int arg1, int arg2, Object obj) {
        Message m = obtain();
        m.target = h;
        m.what = what;
        m.arg1 = arg1;
        m.arg2 = arg2;
        m.obj = obj;

        return m;
    }

3.Looper

looper 的主要源码如下。可以看出一个线程对应一个 looper,一个 looper 对应一个 MessageQueue。

1)prepare 方法和静态 sThreadLocal 表明,所有线程的 looper 实例共享一个key -> sThreadLocal,把 looper 实例保存到自己对应 Thread的 ThreadLocalMap 中。

2)在调用 prepare 方法之前,thread 的 looper 为空。

3)在 loop() 方法中,for(;;) 无限循环获取 Message msg = queue.next(),只有在获取的 msg == null 的时候才会退出 for 循环,结束 loop() 方法。queue.next() 对于 MessageQueue 是个阻塞式方法。

static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
private static Looper sMainLooper;  // guarded by Looper.class
final MessageQueue mQueue;
final Thread mThread;

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();
        }
    }

public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

public static Looper getMainLooper() {
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            return sMainLooper;
        }
    }

public static @NonNull MessageQueue myQueue() {
        return myLooper().mQueue;
    }

public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
        
        ...

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            ...

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            ...

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }


 

总结一下:

Handler:

    在构造方法中通过 mLooper = Looper.myLooper() 和 mQueue = mLooper.mQueue 获取 looper 和 looper 的消息队列

    通过 Message.obtain() 获取 message

    通过 sendMessageAtTime 最终使用 queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis) 把消息加入消息队列

    通过 msg.callback.run 和 handler.callback.handleMessage 和 handler.handleMessage 处理消息 

Message:

    通过 sPool 和 next 两个变量实现循环利用

Looper:

    在构造方法中获取 mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed) 和 mThread = Thread.currentThread();

    通过 prepare 方法和 ThreadLocal 来把 looper 实例保存到实例所在线程的 ThreadLocalMap 中

    通过 loop 方法和 MessageQueue 阻塞式的获取 Message

 

再浓缩总结:

1.Thread 有 ThreadLocalMap threadLocals 变量来保存相关 value

2.ThreadLocal 中通过 createMap 方法初始化 ThreadLocalMap 并把它赋值为 Thread 的 threadLocals

3.Looper 有静态属性 static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>(),在调用 prepare 方法时以sThreadLocal 为 key 保存 looper 到 ThreadLocalMap;

以 mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed) 来初始化消息队列;

以 loop 方法配合 MessageQueue 来不断获取 Message。

4.handler 在构造方法中以 mLooper = Looper.myLooper() 持有 looper

5.Message类保存了相关属性,以 obtain 方法和 sPool、next 变量实现循环复用

 

 

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