【清理非托管资源】实现Dispose方法

 

释放对象的模式（称为释放模式）对对象的生存期进行规定。

类型的 Dispose 方法应释放它拥有的所有资源。 它还应该通过调用其父类型的 Dispose 方法释放其基类型拥有的所有资源。 父类型的 Dispose 方法应该释放它拥有的所有资源，进而调用其父类型的 Dispose 方法，从而在整个基类型层次结构中传播此模式。 若要帮助确保始终正确地清理资源，Dispose 方法应该可以多次调用而不引发异常。

对只使用托管资源的类型（如数组）实现 Dispose 方法并不能提高性能，原因是这些类型由垃圾回收器自动回收。 应主要对使用本机资源的托管对象和向 .NET Framework 公开的 COM 对象使用 Dispose 方法。 使用本机资源的托管对象（如 FileStream 类）实现 IDisposable 接口。

重要事项
C++ 程序员不应该使用本主题。 而应参见 Destructors and Finalizers in Visual C++。 在 .NET Framework 2.0 版中，C++ 编译器为实现资源的确定性处置提供支持，并且不允许直接实现 Dispose 方法。

Dispose 方法应为它要释放的对象调用 SuppressFinalize 方法。 如果对象当前在终止队列中，则 SuppressFinalize 会阻止调用其 Finalize 方法。 请记住，执行 Finalize 方法会降低性能。 如果 Dispose 方法已完成清理对象的工作，垃圾回收器就不必调用对象的 Finalize 方法。

为 GC.KeepAlive 方法提供的代码示例演示了强行垃圾回收如何在回收对象的成员仍在执行时引起终结器运行。 在较长的 Dispose 方法末尾最好调用 KeepAlive 方法。

示例

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下面的代码示例演示为封装非托管资源的类实现 Dispose 方法的建议设计模式。

资源类通常是从复杂的本机类或 API 派生的，而且必须进行相应的自定义。 使用这一代码模式作为创建资源类的一个起始点，并根据封装的资源提供必要的自定义。 

 Imports System Imports System.IO Class Program Public Shared Sub Main() Try ' Initialize a Stream resource to pass ' to the DisposableResource class. Console.Write("Enter filename and its path: ") Dim fileSpec As String = Console.ReadLine Dim fs As FileStream = File.OpenRead(fileSpec) Dim TestObj As DisposableResource = New DisposableResource(fs) ' Use the resource. TestObj.DoSomethingWithResource() ' Dispose theresource. TestObj.Dispose() Catch e As FileNotFoundException Console.WriteLine(e.Message) End Try End Sub End Class ' This class shows how to use a disposable resource. ' The resource is first initialized and passed to ' the constructor, but it could also be ' initialized in the constructor. ' The lifetime of the resource does not ' exceed the lifetime of this instance. ' This type does not need a finalizer because it does not ' directly create a native resource like a file handle ' or memory in the unmanaged heap. Public Class DisposableResource Implements IDisposable Private _resource As Stream Private _disposed As Boolean ' The stream passed to the constructor ' must be readable and not null. Public Sub New(ByVal stream As Stream) MyBase.New() If (stream Is Nothing) Then Throw New ArgumentNullException("Stream is null.") End If If Not stream.CanRead Then Throw New ArgumentException("Stream must be readable.") End If _resource = stream Dim objTypeName As String = _resource.GetType.ToString _disposed = False End Sub ' Demonstrates using the resource. ' It must not be already disposed. Public Sub DoSomethingWithResource() If _disposed Then Throw New ObjectDisposedException("Resource was disposed.") End If ' Show the number of bytes. Dim numBytes As Integer = CType(_resource.Length, Integer) Console.WriteLine("Number of bytes: {0}", numBytes.ToString) End Sub Public Overloads Sub Dispose() Implements IDisposable.Dispose Dispose(True) ' Use SupressFinalize in case a subclass ' of this type implements a finalizer. GC.SuppressFinalize(Me) End Sub Protected Overridable Overloads Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean) If Not _disposed Then ' If you need thread safety, use a lock around these ' operations, as well as in your methods that use the resource. If disposing Then If (Not (_resource) Is Nothing) Then _resource.Dispose() End If Console.WriteLine("Object disposed.") End If ' Indicates that the instance has been disposed. _resource = Nothing _disposed = True End If End Sub End Class