【GDSOI 2016】第一题 互补约数

用$N$和$n$加以区分$F(N)$和$f(n)$，中间步骤中的在字母右上角加撇的根据是某些分式需要整除。
$$\begin{array}{rl}F(n)& =\sum _{n=1}^{N}f(n)\\ & =\sum _{n=1}^N\sum _{d|n}gcd(n,\frac{n}{d})\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{N}k\sum _{k|n}\sum _{d|n}[gcd(d,\frac{n}{d})=k]\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{n}k\sum _{n^{\prime }=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k}\rfloor }\sum _{d|(k{n}^{\prime })}[gcd(d,\frac{n}{d})=k]\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{n}k\sum _{n^{\prime }=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k}\rfloor }\sum _{d|(k{n}^{\prime })}[gcd(\frac{d}{k},\frac{n}{dk})=1]\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{N}k\sum _{n^{\prime }=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k}\rfloor }\sum _{d^{\prime }|n^{\prime }}[gcd(d^{\prime },\frac{n^{\prime }}{k{d}^{\prime }})=1]\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{N}k\sum _{n^{\prime }=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k}\rfloor }\sum _{d^{\prime }|n^{\prime }}\sum _{p|d^{\prime },p|\frac{n^{\prime }}{k{d}^{\prime }}}\mu (p)\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }k\sum _{n^{\prime \prime }=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k^2}\rfloor }\sum _{d^{\prime }|(k{n}^{\prime \prime })}\sum _{p|d^{\prime },p|\frac{n^{\prime \prime }}{d}}\mu (p)\end{array}$$

到此，符号已经很乱了，所以规整一下继续。

$$\begin{array}{rl}F(n)& =\sum _{k=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }k\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k^2}\rfloor }\sum _{d|(kn)}\sum _{p|d,p|\frac{n}{d}}\mu (p)\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }k\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k^2}\rfloor }\sum _{p=1}\mu (p)\left(\sum _{d|n,p|\frac{n}{d},p|d}\right)\\ \frac{n}{d}=px,d=py⟹n=px{y}^2& \\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }k\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k^2}\rfloor }\sum _{p=1}\mu (p)\left(\sum _{x=1,y=1}\right[xy{p}^2=n])\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }k\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k^2}\rfloor }\sum _{p=1}\mu (p)\sigma (\frac{n}{p^2})\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }k\sum _{p=1}\mu (p)\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{\lfloor \frac{N}{k^2}\rfloor }{p^2}\rfloor }\sigma (n)\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }k\sum _{p=1}^{\sqrt{\frac{N}{k^2}}}\mu (p)\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k^2{p}^2}\rfloor }\sigma (n)\\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }k\sum _{p=1}^{\lfloor \frac{\sqrt{N}}{k}\rfloor }\mu (p)\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{k^2{p}^2}\rfloor }\lfloor \frac{\lfloor \frac{N}{k^2{p}^2}\rfloor }{n}\rfloor \\ T=kp& \\ & =\sum _{k=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }k\sum _{p=1}^{\lfloor \frac{\sqrt{N}}{k}\rfloor }\mu (p)\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{T^2}\rfloor }\lfloor \frac{\lfloor \frac{N}{T^2}\rfloor }{n}\rfloor \\ & =\sum _{T=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }(\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{T^2}\rfloor }\lfloor \frac{\lfloor \frac{N}{T^2}\rfloor }{n}\rfloor )\sum _{k|T}k\mu (\frac{T}{k})\\ & =\sum _{T=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }(\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{T^2}\rfloor }\lfloor \frac{\lfloor \frac{N}{T^2}\rfloor }{n}\rfloor )\sum _{k|T}id(k)\mu (\frac{T}{k})\\ & =\sum _{T=1}^{\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor }(\sum _{n=1}^{\lfloor \frac{N}{T^2}\rfloor }\lfloor \frac{\lfloor \frac{N}{T^2}\rfloor }{n}\rfloor )\phi (T)\end{array}$$

这样，把$\lfloor \sqrt{N}\rfloor$里的$\phi$给筛出来，然后括号内部用数论分块即可。