c++实现单例模式的方法是让类自身负责它的唯一实例!
class Singleton
{
private:
//声明一个指向自己的静态的类变量
static Singleton* instance;
//临界区,防止多线程产生多个实例
static CRITICAL_SECTION m_Sec;
//构造方法私有,防止外部用NEW来实例化它
Singleton(){}
public:
static CRITICAL_SECTION* getLock()
{
return &m_Sec;
}
static Singleton *GetInstance()
{
//双重锁定
if (instance == NULL)
{
EnterCriticalSection(&m_Sec);
if (instance == NULL)
instance = new Singleton();
LeaveCriticalSection(&m_Sec);
}
return instance;
}
};
再来看python版本的,在python中实现单例模式 是没有必要的
#-*- encoding=utf-8 -*-
#方法1,实现__new__方法
#并在将一个类的实例绑定到类变量_instance上,
#如果cls._instance为None说明该类还没有实例化过,实例化该类,并返回
#如果cls._instance不为None,直接返回cls._instance
class Singleton(object):
def __new__(cls,*args,**kw):#类方法 cls
#hasattr是一个判断第二个参数是否属于第一个的方法
if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'):
orig = super(Singleton,cls)
cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls,*args,**kw)
return cls._instance
class Myclass(Singleton):
a = 0
one = Myclass()
two = Myclass()
two.a = 3
print (one.a)
print id(one)
print id(two)
#方法2,共享属性;所谓单例就是所有引用(实例、对象)拥有相同的状态(属性)和行为(方法)
#同一个类的所有实例天然拥有相同的行为(方法),
#只需要保证同一个类的所有实例具有相同的状态(属性)即可
#所有实例共享属性的最简单最直接的方法就是__dict__属性指向(引用)同一个字典(dict)
#可参看:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/66531/
class Borg(object):
_state = {} #创建一个字典对象
def __new__(cls,*args,**kw):
ob = super(Borg,cls).__new__(cls,*args,**kw)#调用父类初始化
ob.__dict__ =cls._state
return ob
class Myclass2(Borg):
a = 6
one = Myclass2()
two = Myclass2()
#one和two是不同的对象,但是他们绑定相同的属性和方法
two.a =3
print(one.a)
print (id(one))
print (id(two))
#方法3:本质上是方法1的升级(或者说高级)版
#使用__metaclass__(元类)的高级python用法
class Singleton2(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
super(Singleton2, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
cls._instance = None
def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
if cls._instance is None:
cls._instance = super(Singleton2, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)
return cls._instance
class MyClass3(object):
__metaclass__ = Singleton2
one = MyClass3()
two = MyClass3()
two.a = 3
print (one.a)
#3
print (id(one))
#31495472
print (id(two))
#31495472
print (one == two)
#True
print (one is two)
#True
print '----------------------方法4--------------------------'
#方法4:也是方法1的升级(高级)版本,
#使用装饰器(decorator),
#这是一种更pythonic,更elegant的方法,
#单例类本身根本不知道自己是单例的,因为他本身(自己的代码)并不是单例的
def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):
instances = {}
def _singleton():
if cls not in instances:
instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)
return instances[cls]
return _singleton
@singleton
class MyClass4(object):
a = 1
def __init__(self, x=0):
self.x = x
one = MyClass4()
two = MyClass4()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print (id(one))
#29660784
print (id(two))
#29660784
print (one == two)
#True
print (one is two)
#True
one.x = 1
print (one.x)
#1
print (two.x)