Python-玩转数据-requests库
一、说明
requests是一个很实用的Python HTTP客户端库,爬虫和测试服务器响应数据时经常会用到,requests是Python语言的第三方的库,专门用于发送HTTP请求,使用起来比urllib简洁很多。
Requests 有这些功能:
1、Keep-Alive & 连接池
2、国际化域名和 URL
3、带持久 Cookie 的会话
4、浏览器式的 SSL 认证
5、自动内容解码
6、基本/摘要式的身份认证
7、优雅的 key/value Cookie
8、自动解压
9、Unicode 响应体
10、HTTP(S) 代理支持
11、文件分块上传
12、流下载
13、连接超时
14、分块请求
15、支持 .netrc
Requests 支持 Python 2.6—2.7以及3.3—3.7,而且能在 PyPy 下完美运行。
用pip进行第三方库的安装
pip install requests
安装完成后import一下,正常则说明可以开始使用了。
二、基本用法:
1、requests.get()
用于请求目标网站,类型是一个HTTPresponse类型
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.example1.com')
print(response.status_code) # 打印状态码
print(response.url) # 打印请求url
print(response.headers) # 打印头信息
print(response.cookies) # 打印cookie信息
print(response.text) #以文本形式打印网页源码
print(response.content) #以字节流形式打印
print(response.content.decode("utf-8")) #解决了通过response.text直接返回显示乱码的问题
response.encoding="utf-8" #避免乱码的问题发生
2、各种请求方式
import requests
requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
3、基本的get请求
import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)
4、带参数的get请求
第一种直接将参数放在url内
import requests
response = requests.get(http://httpbin.org/get?name=gemey&age=22)
print(response.text)
另一种先将参数填写在dict中,发起请求时params参数指定为dict
import requests
data = {
'name': 'tom',
'age': 20
}
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=data)
print(response.text)
5、解析json
import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)
print(response.json()) #response.json()方法同json.loads(response.text)
print(type(response.json()))
如果 JSON 解码失败, 将会抛出 ValueError: No JSON object could be decoded 异常。而成功调用 response.json() 并不意味着响应的成功。有的服务器会在失败的响应中包含一个 JSON 对象(比如 HTTP 500 的错误细节)。这种 JSON 会被解码返回。要检查请求是否成功,请使用 r.raise_for_status() 或者检查 response.status_code 是否和你的期望相同
6、保存一个二进制文件
二进制内容为response.content
import requests
response = requests.get('http://img.example1.com/img/tupian/pre/201708/30/kekeersitao-002.jpg')
b = response.content
with open('F://fengjing.jpg','wb') as f:
f.write(b)
7、添加heads信息
import requests
heads = {}
heads['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 ' \
'(Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 ' \
'(KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50'
response = requests.get('http://www.example1.com',headers=headers)
8、使用代理
同添加headers方法,代理参数也要是一个dict
这里使用requests库爬取了IP代理网站的IP与端口和类型
import requests
import re
def get_html(url):
proxy = {
'http': '120.25.253.234:812',
'https': '163.125.222.244:8123'
}
heads = {}
heads['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.221 Safari/537.36 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0'
req = requests.get(url, headers=heads,proxies=proxy)
html = req.text
return html
def get_ipport(html):
regex = r'<td data-title="IP">(.+)</td>'
iplist = re.findall(regex, html)
regex2 = '<td data-title="PORT">(.+)</td>'
portlist = re.findall(regex2, html)
regex3 = r'<td data-title="类型">(.+)</td>'
typelist = re.findall(regex3, html)
sumray = []
for i in iplist:
for p in portlist:
for t in typelist:
pass
pass
a = t+','+i + ':' + p
sumray.append(a)
print('高匿代理')
print(sumray)
if __name__ == '__main__':
url = 'http://www.example1.com/free/'
get_ipport(get_html(url))
9、基本POST请求
import requests
data = {'name':'tom','age':'22'}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data)
10、获取cookie
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.example1.com')
print(response.cookies)
print(type(response.cookies))
for k,v in response.cookies.items():
print(k+':'+v)
11、会话维持
import requests
session = requests.Session()
session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12345')
response = session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)
11、证书验证设置
import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings() #从urllib3中消除警告
response = requests.get('https://www.example1.cn',verify=False) #证书验证设为FALSE
print(response.status_code)
12、超时异常捕获
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
res = requests.get('http://httpbin.org', timeout=0.1)
print(res.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print(timeout)
13、异常处理
在你不确定会发生什么错误时,尽量使用try…except来捕获异常
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,HTTPError,RequestException
try:
response = requests.get('http://www.example1.com',timeout=0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print('timeout')
except HTTPError:
print('httperror')
except RequestException:
print('reqerror')