了解一下链接基础,以及链表和数组的区别
数据结构中的链表
Java创建初始链表
public class ListNode {
// 结点的值
int val;
// 下一个结点
ListNode next;
// 节点的构造函数(无参)
public ListNode() {
}
// 节点的构造函数(有一个参数)
public ListNode(int val) {
this.val = val;
}
// 节点的构造函数(有两个参数)
public ListNode(int val, ListNode next) {
this.val = val;
this.next = next;
}
}
python就比较简单
class ListNode:
def __init__(self, val, next=None):
self.val = val
self.next = next
203.移除链表元素
题意:删除链表中等于给定值 val 的所有节点。
示例 1: 输入:head = [1,2,6,3,4,5,6], val = 6 输出:[1,2,3,4,5]
示例 2: 输入:head = [], val = 1 输出:[]
示例 3: 输入:head = [7,7,7,7], val = 7 输出:[]
Java - 基础方法
class Solution {
public ListNode removeElements(ListNode head, int val) {
while(head!=null && head.val==val){
head = head.next;
}
ListNode curr = head;
while(curr!=null){
while(curr.next!=null && curr.next.val == val){
curr.next = curr.next.next;
}
curr = curr.next;
}
return head;
}
}
先判断头节点是否是空值
while(head!=null && head.val==val)
:如果头节点 head
不为 null
且其值等于 val
,则将头节点指向下一个节点,即删除头节点
然后 创建一个指针 curr
,指向链表的头节点 head
,用于遍历链表。
然后进行链表遍历:
while(curr!=null):遍历链表,直到指针 curr 到达链表的末尾(即 curr 变为 null)。
在每一次遍历中,检查当前节点的下一个节点是否为 null 且其值等于 val:
while(curr.next!=null && curr.next.val == val):如果当前节点的下一个节点不为 null 且其值等于 val,则将当前节点的下一个节点指向下下个节点,实现删除操作。
将指针 curr 移动到下一个节点,以便继续遍历链表。
返回删除操作后的链表头节点 head。
虚拟头节点
在最开头的节点的前面再加个空的节点,这样就可以形成统一的规则 对链表进行处理
public ListNode removeElements(ListNode head, int val) {
while (head != null && head.val == val) {
head = head.next;
}
// 已经为null,提前退出
if (head == null) {
return head;
}
// 已确定当前head.val != val
ListNode pre = head;
ListNode cur = head.next;
while (cur != null) {
if (cur.val == val) {
pre.next = cur.next;
} else {
pre = cur;
}
cur = cur.next;
}
return head;
}
python
(版本一)虚拟头节点法
# Definition for singly-linked list.
# class ListNode:
# def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
# self.val = val
# self.next = next
class Solution:
def removeElements(self, head: Optional[ListNode], val: int) -> Optional[ListNode]:
# 创建虚拟头部节点以简化删除过程
dummy_head = ListNode(next = head)
# 遍历列表并删除值为val的节点
current = dummy_head
while current.next:
if current.next.val == val:
current.next = current.next.next
else:
current = current.next
return dummy_head.next
707.设计链表
题意:
在链表类中实现这些功能:
- get(index):获取链表中第 index 个节点的值。如果索引无效,则返回-1。
- addAtHead(val):在链表的第一个元素之前添加一个值为 val 的节点。插入后,新节点将成为链表的第一个节点。
- addAtTail(val):将值为 val 的节点追加到链表的最后一个元素。
- addAtIndex(index,val):在链表中的第 index 个节点之前添加值为 val 的节点。如果 index 等于链表的长度,则该节点将附加到链表的末尾。如果 index 大于链表长度,则不会插入节点。如果index小于0,则在头部插入节点。
- deleteAtIndex(index):如果索引 index 有效,则删除链表中的第 index 个节点。
java
//单链表
class ListNode {
int val;
ListNode next;
ListNode(){}
ListNode(int val) {
this.val=val;
}
}
class MyLinkedList {
//size存储链表元素的个数
int size;
//虚拟头结点
ListNode head;
//初始化链表
public MyLinkedList() {
size = 0;
head = new ListNode(0);
}
//获取第index个节点的数值,注意index是从0开始的,第0个节点就是头结点
public int get(int index) {
//如果index非法,返回-1
if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
return -1;
}
ListNode currentNode = head;
//包含一个虚拟头节点,所以查找第 index+1 个节点
for (int i = 0; i <= index; i++) {
currentNode = currentNode.next;
}
return currentNode.val;
}
//在链表最前面插入一个节点,等价于在第0个元素前添加
public void addAtHead(int val) {
addAtIndex(0, val);
}
//在链表的最后插入一个节点,等价于在(末尾+1)个元素前添加
public void addAtTail(int val) {
addAtIndex(size, val);
}
// 在第 index 个节点之前插入一个新节点,例如index为0,那么新插入的节点为链表的新头节点。
// 如果 index 等于链表的长度,则说明是新插入的节点为链表的尾结点
// 如果 index 大于链表的长度,则返回空
public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
if (index > size) {
return;
}
if (index < 0) {
index = 0;
}
size++;
//找到要插入节点的前驱
ListNode pred = head;
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
pred = pred.next;
}
ListNode toAdd = new ListNode(val);
toAdd.next = pred.next;
pred.next = toAdd;
}
//删除第index个节点
public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
return;
}
size--;
if (index == 0) {
head = head.next;
return;
}
ListNode pred = head;
for (int i = 0; i < index ; i++) {
pred = pred.next;
}
pred.next = pred.next.next;
}
}
//双链表
class ListNode{
int val;
ListNode next,prev;
ListNode() {};
ListNode(int val){
this.val = val;
}
}
class MyLinkedList {
//记录链表中元素的数量
int size;
//记录链表的虚拟头结点和尾结点
ListNode head,tail;
public MyLinkedList() {
//初始化操作
this.size = 0;
this.head = new ListNode(0);
this.tail = new ListNode(0);
//这一步非常关键,否则在加入头结点的操作中会出现null.next的错误!!!
head.next=tail;
tail.prev=head;
}
public int get(int index) {
//判断index是否有效
if(index<0 || index>=size){
return -1;
}
ListNode cur = this.head;
//判断是哪一边遍历时间更短
if(index >= size / 2){
//tail开始
cur = tail;
for(int i=0; i< size-index; i++){
cur = cur.prev;
}
}else{
for(int i=0; i<= index; i++){
cur = cur.next;
}
}
return cur.val;
}
public void addAtHead(int val) {
//等价于在第0个元素前添加
addAtIndex(0,val);
}
public void addAtTail(int val) {
//等价于在最后一个元素(null)前添加
addAtIndex(size,val);
}
public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
//index大于链表长度
if(index>size){
return;
}
//index小于0
if(index<0){
index = 0;
}
size++;
//找到前驱
ListNode pre = this.head;
for(int i=0; i<index; i++){
pre = pre.next;
}
//新建结点
ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
newNode.next = pre.next;
pre.next.prev = newNode;
newNode.prev = pre;
pre.next = newNode;
}
public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
//判断索引是否有效
if(index<0 || index>=size){
return;
}
//删除操作
size--;
ListNode pre = this.head;
for(int i=0; i<index; i++){
pre = pre.next;
}
pre.next.next.prev = pre;
pre.next = pre.next.next;
}
}
/**
* Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
* MyLinkedList obj = new MyLinkedList();
* int param_1 = obj.get(index);
* obj.addAtHead(val);
* obj.addAtTail(val);
* obj.addAtIndex(index,val);
* obj.deleteAtIndex(index);
*/
python
(版本一)单链表法
class ListNode:
def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
self.val = val
self.next = next
class MyLinkedList:
def __init__(self):
self.dummy_head = ListNode()
self.size = 0
def get(self, index: int) -> int:
if index < 0 or index >= self.size:
return -1
current = self.dummy_head.next
for i in range(index):
current = current.next
return current.val
def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
self.dummy_head.next = ListNode(val, self.dummy_head.next)
self.size += 1
def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
current = self.dummy_head
while current.next:
current = current.next
current.next = ListNode(val)
self.size += 1
def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
if index < 0 or index > self.size:
return
current = self.dummy_head
for i in range(index):
current = current.next
current.next = ListNode(val, current.next)
self.size += 1
def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
if index < 0 or index >= self.size:
return
current = self.dummy_head
for i in range(index):
current = current.next
current.next = current.next.next
self.size -= 1
# Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
# obj = MyLinkedList()
# param_1 = obj.get(index)
# obj.addAtHead(val)
# obj.addAtTail(val)
# obj.addAtIndex(index,val)
# obj.deleteAtIndex(index)
(版本二)双链表法
class ListNode:
def __init__(self, val=0, prev=None, next=None):
self.val = val
self.prev = prev
self.next = next
class MyLinkedList:
def __init__(self):
self.head = None
self.tail = None
self.size = 0
def get(self, index: int) -> int:
if index < 0 or index >= self.size:
return -1
if index < self.size // 2:
current = self.head
for i in range(index):
current = current.next
else:
current = self.tail
for i in range(self.size - index - 1):
current = current.prev
return current.val
def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
new_node = ListNode(val, None, self.head)
if self.head:
self.head.prev = new_node
else:
self.tail = new_node
self.head = new_node
self.size += 1
def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
new_node = ListNode(val, self.tail, None)
if self.tail:
self.tail.next = new_node
else:
self.head = new_node
self.tail = new_node
self.size += 1
def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
if index < 0 or index > self.size:
return
if index == 0:
self.addAtHead(val)
elif index == self.size:
self.addAtTail(val)
else:
if index < self.size // 2:
current = self.head
for i in range(index - 1):
current = current.next
else:
current = self.tail
for i in range(self.size - index):
current = current.prev
new_node = ListNode(val, current, current.next)
current.next.prev = new_node
current.next = new_node
self.size += 1
def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
if index < 0 or index >= self.size:
return
if index == 0:
self.head = self.head.next
if self.head:
self.head.prev = None
else:
self.tail = None
elif index == self.size - 1:
self.tail = self.tail.prev
if self.tail:
self.tail.next = None
else:
self.head = None
else:
if index < self.size // 2:
current = self.head
for i in range(index):
current = current.next
else:
current = self.tail
for i in range(self.size - index - 1):
current = current.prev
current.prev.next = current.next
current.next.prev = current.prev
self.size -= 1
# Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
# obj = MyLinkedList()
# param_1 = obj.get(index)
# obj.addAtHead(val)
# obj.addAtTail(val)
# obj.addAtIndex(index,val)
# obj.deleteAtIndex(index)
206.反转链表
题意:反转一个单链表。
示例: 输入: 1->2->3->4->5->NULL 输出: 5->4->3->2->1->NULL
java
// 双指针
class Solution {
public ListNode reverseList(ListNode head) {
ListNode prev = null;
ListNode cur = head;
ListNode temp = null;
while (cur != null) {
temp = cur.next;// 保存下一个节点
cur.next = prev;
prev = cur;
cur = temp;
}
return prev;
}
}
// 递归
class Solution {
public ListNode reverseList(ListNode head) {
return reverse(null, head);
}
private ListNode reverse(ListNode prev, ListNode cur) {
if (cur == null) {
return prev;
}
ListNode temp = null;
temp = cur.next;// 先保存下一个节点
cur.next = prev;// 反转
// 更新prev、cur位置
// prev = cur;
// cur = temp;
return reverse(cur, temp);
}
}
// 从后向前递归
class Solution {
ListNode reverseList(ListNode head) {
// 边缘条件判断
if(head == null) return null;
if (head.next == null) return head;
// 递归调用,翻转第二个节点开始往后的链表
ListNode last = reverseList(head.next);
// 翻转头节点与第二个节点的指向
head.next.next = head;
// 此时的 head 节点为尾节点,next 需要指向 NULL
head.next = null;
return last;
}
}
python
(版本一)双指针法
# Definition for singly-linked list.
# class ListNode:
# def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
# self.val = val
# self.next = next
class Solution:
def reverseList(self, head: ListNode) -> ListNode:
cur = head
pre = None
while cur:
temp = cur.next # 保存一下 cur的下一个节点,因为接下来要改变cur->next
cur.next = pre #反转
#更新pre、cur指针
pre = cur
cur = temp
return pre
Python递归法:
(版本二)递归法
# Definition for singly-linked list.
# class ListNode:
# def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
# self.val = val
# self.next = next
class Solution:
def reverseList(self, head: ListNode) -> ListNode:
return self.reverse(head, None)
def reverse(self, cur: ListNode, pre: ListNode) -> ListNode:
if cur == None:
return pre
temp = cur.next
cur.next = pre
return self.reverse(temp, cur)