学习目标：
task5 排序搜索计数及集合操作
学习产出：
排序，搜索和计数
排序
numpy.sort()
numpy.sort(a[, axis=-1, kind='quicksort', order=None])Return a sorted copy of an array.- axis：排序沿数组的（轴）方向，0表示按行，1表示按列，None表示展开来排序，默认为-1，表示沿最后的轴排序。
- kind：排序的算法，提供了快排’quicksort’、混排’mergesort’、堆排’heapsort’， 默认为‘quicksort’。
- order：排序的字段名，可指定字段排序，默认为None。
【例】
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(20200612)
x = np.random.rand(5, 5) * 10
x = np.around(x, 2)
print(x)
# [[2.32 7.54 9.78 1.73 6.22]
# [6.93 5.17 9.28 9.76 8.25]
# [0.01 4.23 0.19 1.73 9.27]
# [7.99 4.97 0.88 7.32 4.29]
# [9.05 0.07 8.95 7.9 6.99]]
y = np.sort(x)
print(y)
# [[1.73 2.32 6.22 7.54 9.78]
# [5.17 6.93 8.25 9.28 9.76]
# [0.01 0.19 1.73 4.23 9.27]
# [0.88 4.29 4.97 7.32 7.99]
# [0.07 6.99 7.9 8.95 9.05]]
y = np.sort(x, axis=0)
print(y)
# [[0.01 0.07 0.19 1.73 4.29]
# [2.32 4.23 0.88 1.73 6.22]
# [6.93 4.97 8.95 7.32 6.99]
# [7.99 5.17 9.28 7.9 8.25]
# [9.05 7.54 9.78 9.76 9.27]]
y = np.sort(x, axis=1)
print(y)
# [[1.73 2.32 6.22 7.54 9.78]
# [5.17 6.93 8.25 9.28 9.76]
# [0.01 0.19 1.73 4.23 9.27]
# [0.88 4.29 4.97 7.32 7.99]
# [0.07 6.99 7.9 8.95 9.05]]
【例】
import numpy as np
dt = np.dtype([('name', 'S10'), ('age', np.int)])
a = np.array([("Mike", 21), ("Nancy", 25), ("Bob", 17), ("Jane", 27)], dtype=dt)
b = np.sort(a, order='name')
print(b)
# [(b'Bob', 17) (b'Jane', 27) (b'Mike', 21) (b'Nancy', 25)]
b = np.sort(a, order='age')
print(b)
# [(b'Bob', 17) (b'Mike', 21) (b'Nancy', 25) (b'Jane', 27)]
如果排序后，想用元素的索引位置替代排序后的实际结果，该怎么办呢？
numpy.argsort()
numpy.argsort(a[, axis=-1, kind='quicksort', order=None])Returns the indices that would sort an array.
【例】对数组沿给定轴执行间接排序，并使用指定排序类型返回数据的索引数组。这个索引数组用于构造排序后的数组。
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(20200612)
x = np.random.randint(0, 10, 10)
print(x)
# [6 1 8 5 5 4 1 2 9 1]
y = np.argsort(x)
print(y)
# [1 6 9 7 5 3 4 0 2 8]
print(x[y])
# [1 1 1 2 4 5 5 6 8 9]
y = np.argsort(-x)
print(y)
# [8 2 0 3 4 5 7 1 6 9]
print(x[y])
# [9 8 6 5 5 4 2 1 1 1]
【例】
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(20200612)
x = np.random.rand(5, 5) * 10
x = np.around(x, 2)
print(x)
# [[2.32 7.54 9.78 1.73 6.22]
# [6.93 5.17 9.28 9.76 8.25]
# [0.01 4.23 0.19 1.73 9.27]
# [7.99 4.97 0.88 7.32 4.29]
# [9.05 0.07 8.95 7.9 6.99]]
y = np.argsort(x)
print(y)
# [[3 0 4 1 2]
# [1 0 4 2 3]
# [0 2 3 1 4]
# [2 4 1 3 0]
# [1 4 3 2 0]]
y = np.argsort(x, axis=0)
print(y)
# [[2 4 2 0 3]
# [0 2 3 2 0]
# [1 3 4 3 4]
# [3 1 1 4 1]
# [4 0 0 1 2]]
y = np.argsort(x, axis=1)
print(y)
# [[3 0 4 1 2]
# [1 0 4 2 3]
# [0 2 3 1 4]
# [2 4 1 3 0]
# [1 4 3 2 0]]
y = np.array([np.take(x[i], np.argsort(x[i])) for i in range(5)])
#numpy.take(a, indices, axis=None, out=None, mode='raise')沿轴从数组中获取元素。
print(y)
# [[1.73 2.32 6.22 7.54 9.78]
# [5.17 6.93 8.25 9.28 9.76]
# [0.01 0.19 1.73 4.23 9.27]
# [0.88 4.29 4.97 7.32 7.99]
# [0.07 6.99 7.9 8.95 9.05]]
如何将数据按照某一指标进行排序呢？
numpy.lexsort()
-
numpy.lexsort(keys[, axis=-1])Perform an indirect stable sort using a sequence of keys.（使用键序列执行间接稳定排序。） -
给定多个可以在电子表格中解释为列的排序键，lexsort返回一个整数索引数组，该数组描述了按多个列排序的顺序。序列中的最后一个键用于主排序顺序，倒数第二个键用于辅助排序顺序，依此类推。keys参数必须是可以转换为相同形状的数组的对象序列。如果为keys参数提供了2D数组，则将其行解释为排序键，并根据最后一行，倒数第二行等进行排序。
【例】按照第一列的升序或者降序对整体数据进行排序。
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(20200612)
x = np.random.rand(5, 5) * 10
x = np.around(x, 2)
print(x)
# [[2.32 7.54 9.78 1.73 6.22]
# [6.93 5.17 9.28 9.76 8.25]
# [0.01 4.23 0.19 1.73 9.27]
# [7.99 4.97 0.88 7.32 4.29]
# [9.05 0.07 8.95 7.9 6.99]]
index = np.lexsort([x[:, 0]])
print(index)
# [2 0 1 3 4]
y = x[index]
print(y)
# [[0.01 4.23 0.19 1.73 9.27]
# [2.32 7.54 9.78 1.73 6.22]
# [6.93 5.17 9.28 9.76 8.25]
# [7.99 4.97 0.88 7.32 4.29]
# [9.05 0.07 8.95 7.9 6.99]]
index = np.lexsort([-1 * x[:, 0]])
print(index)
# [4 3 1 0 2]
y = x[index]
print(y)
# [[9.05 0.07 8.95 7.9 6.99]
# [7.99 4.97 0.88 7.32 4.29]
# [6.93 5.17 9.28 9.76 8.25]
# [2.32 7.54 9.78 1.73 6.22]
# [0.01 4.23 0.19 1.73 9.27]]
【例】
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1, 5, 1, 4, 3, 4, 4])
y = np.array([9, 4, 0, 4, 0, 2, 1])
a = np.lexsort([x])
b = np.lexsort([y])
print(a)
# [0 2 4 3 5 6 1]
print(x[a])
# [1 1 3 4 4 4 5]
print(b)
# [2 4 6 5 1 3 0]
print(y[b])
# [0 0 1 2 4 4 9]
z = np.lexsort([y, x])
print(z)
# [2 0 4 6 5 3 1]
print(x[z])
# [1 1 3 4 4 4 5]
z = np.lexsort([x, y])
print(z)
# [2 4 6 5 3 1 0]
print(y[z])
# [0 0 1 2 4 4 9]
numpy.partition()
numpy.partition(a, kth, axis=-1, kind='introselect', order=None)Return a partitioned copy of an array.
Creates a copy of the array with its elements rearranged in such a way that the value of the element in k-th position is in the position it would be in a sorted array. All elements smaller than the k-th element are moved before this element and all equal or greater are moved behind it. The ordering of the elements in the two partitions is undefined.
【例】以索引是 kth 的元素为基准，将元素分成两部分，即大于该元素的放在其后面，小于该元素的放在其前面，这里有点类似于快排。
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(100)
x = np.random.randint(1, 30, [8, 3])
print(x)
# [[ 9 25 4]
# [ 8 24 16]
# [17 11 21]
# [ 3 22 3]
# [ 3 15 3]
# [18 17 25]
# [16 5 12]
# [29 27 17]]
y = np.sort(x, axis=0)
print(y)
# [[ 3 5 3]
# [ 3 11 3]
# [ 8 15 4]
# [ 9 17 12]
# [16 22 16]
# [17 24 17]
# [18 25 21]
# [29 27 25]]
z = np.partition(x, kth=2, axis=0)
print(z)
# [[ 3 5 3]
# [ 3 11 3]
# [ 8 15 4]
# [ 9 22 21]
# [17 24 16]
# [18 17 25]
# [16 25 12]
# [29 27 17]]
【例】选取每一列第三小的数
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(100)
x = np.random.randint(1, 30, [8, 3])
print(x)
# [[ 9 25 4]
# [ 8 24 16]
# [17 11 21]
# [ 3 22 3]
# [ 3 15 3]
# [18 17 25]
# [16 5 12]
# [29 27 17]]
z = np.partition(x, kth=2, axis=0)
print(z[2])
# [ 8 15 4]
【例】选取每一列第三大的数据
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(100)
x = np.random.randint(1, 30, [8, 3])
print(x)
# [[ 9 25 4]
# [ 8 24 16]
# [17 11 21]
# [ 3 22 3]
# [ 3 15 3]
# [18 17 25]
# [16 5 12]
# [29 27 17]]
z = np.partition(x, kth=-3, axis=0)
print(z[-3])
# [17 24 17]
numpy.argpartition()
numpy.argpartition(a, kth, axis=-1, kind='introselect', order=None)
Perform an indirect partition along the given axis using the algorithm specified by the kind keyword. It returns an array of indices of the same shape as a that index data along the given axis in partitioned order.
【例】
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(100)
x = np.random.randint(1, 30, [8, 3])
print(x)
# [[ 9 25 4]
# [ 8 24 16]
# [17 11 21]
# [ 3 22 3]
# [ 3 15 3]
# [18 17 25]
# [16 5 12]
# [29 27 17]]
y = np.argsort(x, axis=0)
print(y)
# [[3 6 3]
# [4 2 4]
# [1 4 0]
# [0 5 6]
# [6 3 1]
# [2 1 7]
# [5 0 2]
# [7 7 5]]
z = np.argpartition(x, kth=2, axis=0)
print(z)
# [[3 6 3]
# [4 2 4]
# [1 4 0]
# [0 3 2]
# [2 1 1]
# [5 5 5]
# [6 0 6]
# [7 7 7]]
【例】选取每一列第三小的数的索引
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(100)
x = np.random.randint(1, 30, [8, 3])
print(x)
# [[ 9 25 4]
# [ 8 24 16]
# [17 11 21]
# [ 3 22 3]
# [ 3 15 3]
# [18 17 25]
# [16 5 12]
# [29 27 17]]
z = np.argpartition(x, kth=2, axis=0)
print(z[2])
# [1 4 0]
【例】选取每一列第三大的数的索引
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(100)
x = np.random.randint(1, 30, [8, 3])
print(x)
# [[ 9 25 4]
# [ 8 24 16]
# [17 11 21]
# [ 3 22 3]
# [ 3 15 3]
# [18 17 25]
# [16 5 12]
# [29 27 17]]
z = np.argpartition(x, kth=-3, axis=0)
print(z[-3])
# [2 1 7]
搜索
numpy.argmax()
numpy.argmax(a[, axis=None, out=None])Returns the indices of the maximum values along an axis.
【例】
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(20200612)
x = np.random.rand(5, 5) * 10
x = np.around(x, 2)
print(x)
# [[2.32 7.54 9.78 1.73 6.22]
# [6.93 5.17 9.28 9.76 8.25]
# [0.01 4.23 0.19 1.73 9.27]
# [7.99 4.97 0.88 7.32 4.29]
# [9.05 0.07 8.95 7.9 6.99]]
y = np.argmax(x)
print(y) # 2
y = np.argmax(x, axis=0)
print(y)
# [4 0 0 1 2]
y = np.argmax(x, axis=1)
print(y)
# [2 3 4 0 0]
numpy.argmin()
numpy.argmin(a[, axis=None, out=None])Returns the indices of the minimum values along an axis.
【例】
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(20200612)
x = np.random.rand(5, 5) * 10
x = np.around(x, 2)
print(x)
# [[2.32 7.54 9.78 1.73 6.22]
# [6.93 5.17 9.28 9.76 8.25]
# [0.01 4.23 0.19 1.73 9.27]
# [7.99 4.97 0.88 7.32 4.29]
# [9.05 0.07 8.95 7.9 6.99]]
y = np.argmin(x)
print(y) # 10
y = np.argmin(x, axis=0)
print(y)
# [2 4 2 0 3]
y = np.argmin(x, axis=1)
print(y)
# [3 1 0 2 1]
numppy.nonzero()
numppy.nonzero(a)Return the indices of the elements that are non-zero.
，其值为非零元素的下标在对应轴上的值。
- 只有
a中非零元素才会有索引值，那些零值元素没有索引值。 - 返回一个长度为
a.ndim的元组（tuple），元组的每个元素都是一个整数数组（array）。 - 每一个array均是从一个维度上来描述其索引值。比如，如果
a是一个二维数组，则tuple包含两个array，第一个array从行维度来描述索引值；第二个array从列维度来描述索引值。 - 该
np.transpose(np.nonzero(x))函数能够描述出每一个非零元素在不同维度的索引值。 - 通过
a[nonzero(a)]得到所有a中的非零值。
【例】一维数组
import numpy as np
x = np.array([0, 2, 3])
print(x) # [0 2 3]
print(x.shape) # (3,)
print(x.ndim) # 1
y = np.nonzero(x)
print(y) # (array([1, 2], dtype=int64),)
print(np.array(y)) # [[1 2]]
print(np.array(y).shape) # (1, 2)
print(np.array(y).ndim) # 2
print(np.transpose(y))
# [[1]
# [2]]
print(x[np.nonzero(x)])
#[2, 3]
【例】二维数组
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[3, 0, 0], [0, 4, 0], [5, 6, 0]])
print(x)
# [[3 0 0]
# [0 4 0]
# [5 6 0]]
print(x.shape) # (3, 3)
print(x.ndim) # 2
y = np.nonzero(x)
print(y)
# (array([0, 1, 2, 2], dtype=int64), array([0, 1, 0, 1], dtype=int64))
print(np.array(y))
# [[0 1 2 2]
# [0 1 0 1]]
print(np.array(y).shape) # (2, 4)
print(np.array(y).ndim) # 2
y = x[np.nonzero(x)]
print(y) # [3 4 5 6]
y = np.transpose(np.nonzero(x))
print(y)
# [[0 0]
# [1 1]
# [2 0]
# [2 1]]
【例】三维数组
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[[0, 1], [1, 0]], [[0, 1], [1, 0]], [[0, 0], [1, 0]]])
print(x)
# [[[0 1]
# [1 0]]
#
# [[0 1]
# [1 0]]
#
# [[0 0]
# [1 0]]]
print(np.shape(x)) # (3, 2, 2)
print(x.ndim) # 3
y = np.nonzero(x)
print(np.array(y))
# [[0 0 1 1 2]
# [0 1 0 1 1]
# [1 0 1 0 0]]
print(np.array(y).shape) # (3, 5)
print(np.array(y).ndim) # 2
print(y)
# (array([0, 0, 1, 1, 2], dtype=int64), array([0, 1, 0, 1, 1], dtype=int64), array([1, 0, 1, 0, 0], dtype=int64))
print(x[np.nonzero(x)])
#[1 1 1 1 1]
【例】nonzero()将布尔数组转换成整数数组进行操作。
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
print(x)
# [[1 2 3]
# [4 5 6]
# [7 8 9]]
y = x > 3
print(y)
# [[False False False]
# [ True True True]
# [ True True True]]
y = np.nonzero(x > 3)
print(y)
# (array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2], dtype=int64), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2], dtype=int64))
y = x[np.nonzero(x > 3)]
print(y)
# [4 5 6 7 8 9]
y = x[x > 3]
print(y)
# [4 5 6 7 8 9]
numpy.where()
numpy.where(condition, [x=None, y=None])Return elements chosen fromxorydepending oncondition.
【例】满足条件condition，输出x，不满足输出y。
import numpy as np
x = np.arange(10)
print(x)
# [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
y = np.where(x < 5, x, 10 * x)
print(y)
# [ 0 1 2 3 4 50 60 70 80 90]
x = np.array([[0, 1, 2],
[0, 2, 4],
[0, 3, 6]])
y = np.where(x < 4, x, -1)
print(y)
# [[ 0 1 2]
# [ 0 2 -1]
# [ 0 3 -1]]
【例】只有condition，没有x和y，则输出满足条件 (即非0) 元素的坐标 (等价于numpy.nonzero)。这里的坐标以tuple的形式给出，通常原数组有多少维，输出的tuple中就包含几个数组，分别对应符合条件元素的各维坐标。
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
y = np.where(x > 5)
print(y)
# (array([5, 6, 7], dtype=int64),)
print(x[y])
# [6 7 8]
y = np.nonzero(x > 5)
print(y)
# (array([5, 6, 7], dtype=int64),)
print(x[y])
# [6 7 8]
x = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
[21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
[26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
[31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
y = np.where(x > 25)
print(y)
# (array([3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4], dtype=int64), array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int64))
print(x[y])
# [26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35]
y = np.nonzero(x > 25)
print(y)
# (array([3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4], dtype=int64), array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int64))
print(x[y])
# [26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35]
numpy.searchsorted()
numpy.searchsorted(a, v[, side='left', sorter=None])Find indices where elements should be inserted to maintain order.- a：一维输入数组。当
sorter参数为None的时候，a必须为升序数组；否则，sorter不能为空，存放a中元素的index，用于反映a数组的升序排列方式。 - v：插入
a数组的值，可以为单个元素，list或者ndarray。 - side：查询方向，当为
left时，将返回第一个符合条件的元素下标；当为right时，将返回最后一个符合条件的元素下标。 - sorter：一维数组存放
a数组元素的 index，index 对应元素为升序。
- a：一维输入数组。当
【例】
import numpy as np
x = np.array([0, 1, 5, 9, 11, 18, 26, 33])
y = np.searchsorted(x, 15)
print(y) # 5
y = np.searchsorted(x, 15, side='right')
print(y) # 5
y = np.searchsorted(x, -1)
print(y) # 0
y = np.searchsorted(x, -1, side='right')
print(y) # 0
y = np.searchsorted(x, 35)
print(y) # 8
y = np.searchsorted(x, 35, side='right')
print(y) # 8
y = np.searchsorted(x, 11)
print(y) # 4
y = np.searchsorted(x, 11, side='right')
print(y) # 5
y = np.searchsorted(x, 0)
print(y) # 0
y = np.searchsorted(x, 0, side='right')
print(y) # 1
y = np.searchsorted(x, 33)
print(y) # 7
y = np.searchsorted(x, 33, side='right')
print(y) # 8
【例】
import numpy as np
x = np.array([0, 1, 5, 9, 11, 18, 26, 33])
y = np.searchsorted(x, [-1, 0, 11, 15, 33, 35])
print(y) # [0 0 4 5 7 8]
y = np.searchsorted(x, [-1, 0, 11, 15, 33, 35], side='right')
print(y) # [0 1 5 5 8 8]
【例】
import numpy as np
x = np.array([0, 1, 5, 9, 11, 18, 26, 33])
np.random.shuffle(x)
print(x) # [33 1 9 18 11 26 0 5]
x_sort = np.argsort(x)
print(x_sort) # [6 1 7 2 4 3 5 0]
y = np.searchsorted(x, [-1, 0, 11, 15, 33, 35], sorter=x_sort)
print(y) # [0 0 4 5 7 8]
y = np.searchsorted(x, [-1, 0, 11, 15, 33, 35], side='right', sorter=x_sort)
print(y) # [0 1 5 5 8 8]
计数
numpy.count_nonzero()
numpy.count_nonzero(a, axis=None)Counts the number of non-zero values in the array a.
【例】返回数组中的非0元素个数。
import numpy as np
x = np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
print(x) # 4
x = np.count_nonzero([[0, 1, 7, 0, 0], [3, 0, 0, 2, 19]])
print(x) # 5
x = np.count_nonzero([[0, 1, 7, 0, 0], [3, 0, 0, 2, 19]], axis=0)
print(x) # [1 1 1 1 1]
x = np.count_nonzero([[0, 1, 7, 0, 0], [3, 0, 0, 2, 19]], axis=1)
print(x) # [2 3]
集合操作
构造集合
numpy.unique(ar, return_index=False, return_inverse=False, return_counts=False, axis=None)Find the unique elements of an array.return_index=True表示返回新列表元素在旧列表中的位置。return_inverse=True表示返回旧列表元素在新列表中的位置。return_counts=True表示返回新列表元素在旧列表中出现的次数。
【例】找出数组中的唯一值并返回已排序的结果。
import numpy as np
x = np.unique([1, 1, 3, 2, 3, 3])
print(x) # [1 2 3]
x = sorted(set([1, 1, 3, 2, 3, 3]))
print(x) # [1, 2, 3]
x = np.array([[1, 1], [2, 3]])
u = np.unique(x)
print(u) # [1 2 3]
x = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [2, 3, 4]])
y = np.unique(x, axis=0)
print(y)
# [[1 0 0]
# [2 3 4]]
x = np.array(['a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'a'])
u, index = np.unique(x, return_index=True)
print(u) # ['a' 'b' 'c']
print(index) # [0 1 3]
print(x[index]) # ['a' 'b' 'c']
x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 4, 2, 3, 2])
u, index = np.unique(x, return_inverse=True)
print(u) # [1 2 3 4 6]
print(index) # [0 1 4 3 1 2 1]
print(u[index]) # [1 2 6 4 2 3 2]
u, count = np.unique(x, return_counts=True)
print(u) # [1 2 3 4 6]
print(count) # [1 3 1 1 1]
布尔运算
numpy.in1d(ar1, ar2, assume_unique=False, invert=False)Test whether each element of a 1-D array is also present in a second array.
Returns a boolean array the same length as ar1 that is True where an element of ar1 is in ar2 and False otherwise.
【例】前面的数组是否包含于后面的数组，返回布尔值。返回的值是针对第一个参数的数组的，所以维数和第一个参数一致，布尔值与数组的元素位置也一一对应。
import numpy as np
test = np.array([0, 1, 2, 5, 0])
states = [0, 2]
mask = np.in1d(test, states)
print(mask) # [ True False True False True]
print(test[mask]) # [0 2 0]
mask = np.in1d(test, states, invert=True)
print(mask) # [False True False True False]
print(test[mask]) # [1 5]
求两个集合的交集：
numpy.intersect1d(ar1, ar2, assume_unique=False, return_indices=False)Find the intersection of two arrays.
Return the sorted, unique values that are in both of the input arrays.
【例】求两个数组的唯一化+求交集+排序函数。
import numpy as np
from functools import reduce
x = np.intersect1d([1, 3, 4, 3], [3, 1, 2, 1])
print(x) # [1 3]
x = np.array([1, 1, 2, 3, 4])
y = np.array([2, 1, 4, 6])
xy, x_ind, y_ind = np.intersect1d(x, y, return_indices=True)
print(x_ind) # [0 2 4]
print(y_ind) # [1 0 2]
print(xy) # [1 2 4]
print(x[x_ind]) # [1 2 4]
print(y[y_ind]) # [1 2 4]
x = reduce(np.intersect1d, ([1, 3, 4, 3], [3, 1, 2, 1], [6, 3, 4, 2]))
print(x) # [3]
求两个集合的并集：
numpy.union1d(ar1, ar2)Find the union of two arrays.
Return the unique, sorted array of values that are in either of the two input arrays.
【例】计算两个集合的并集，唯一化并排序。
import numpy as np
from functools import reduce
x = np.union1d([-1, 0, 1], [-2, 0, 2])
print(x) # [-2 -1 0 1 2]
x = reduce(np.union1d, ([1, 3, 4, 3], [3, 1, 2, 1], [6, 3, 4, 2]))
print(x) # [1 2 3 4 6]
'''
functools.reduce(function, iterable[, initializer])
将两个参数的 function 从左至右积累地应用到 iterable 的条目，以便将该可迭代对象缩减为单一的值。 例如，reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) 是计算 ((((1+2)+3)+4)+5) 的值。 左边的参数 x 是积累值而右边的参数 y 则是来自 iterable 的更新值。 如果存在可选项 initializer，它会被放在参与计算的可迭代对象的条目之前，并在可迭代对象为空时作为默认值。 如果没有给出 initializer 并且 iterable 仅包含一个条目，则将返回第一项。
大致相当于：
def reduce(function, iterable, initializer=None):
it = iter(iterable)
if initializer is None:
value = next(it)
else:
value = initializer
for element in it:
value = function(value, element)
return value
'''
求两个集合的差集：
numpy.setdiff1d(ar1, ar2, assume_unique=False)Find the set difference of two arrays.
Return the unique values in ar1 that are not in ar2.
【例】集合的差，即元素存在于第一个函数不存在于第二个函数中。
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 1])
b = np.array([3, 4, 5, 6])
x = np.setdiff1d(a, b)
print(x) # [1 2]
求两个集合的异或：
setxor1d(ar1, ar2, assume_unique=False)Find the set exclusive-or of two arrays.
【例】集合的对称差，即两个集合的交集的补集。简言之，就是两个数组中各自独自拥有的元素的集合。
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 1])
b = np.array([3, 4, 5, 6])
x = np.setxor1d(a, b)
print(x) # [1 2 5 6]
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