pcie cpu gpu bandwidth bus

总线是在计算机部件之间或计算机之间传输数据的子系统。 类型包括:

前端总线(FSB),它在CPU和内存控制器之间传输数据;

直接媒体接口(DMI),它是英特尔集成内存控制器和计算机主板上的英特尔I/O控制器中心之间的点对点互连;用于主板上南桥芯片北桥芯片之间的连接。DMI与PCIe总线共享了大量的技术特性,像是多通道、差分信号、点对点连线、全双工8b/10b编码等。大部分DMI的通信布局类似于PCIe x4规格。DMI 3.0于2015年8月发布,每通道可拥有最大8GT/s的吞吐量(8750H的总线速度),x4规格时有3.93GB/s的带宽。也用于CPU与PCH的连接。

快速通道互连(QPI),它是CPU和集成内存控制器之间的点对点互连。

在传统架构中,前端总线充当CPU与系统中所有其他设备(包括主存储器)之间的直接数据链路。在基于HyperTransport和QPI的系统中,系统存储器通过集成在CPU 中的内存控制器独立访问,留下HyperTransport或QPI链路上的带宽用于其他用途。这增加了CPU设计的复杂性,但在多处理器系统中提供了更高的吞吐量和出色的扩展性。Core i7-8750H就使用的IMC,如下所示

集成内存控制器

最大类型 DDR4-2666,LPDDR3-2133
支持ECC
最大内存 64 GiB
控制器 1
通道 2
宽度 64位
最大带宽 (39.74 GiB / s?)
41.8 GB/s
带宽

 19.87 GiB / s

双通道 39.74 GiB / s

其中最大带宽是处理器可以从半导体存储器读取数据或将数据存储到半导体存储器中的最大速率(以GB/s为单位)。

对于8750H和CM246芯片组,都基于coffee lake架构,架构框图如下:

该芯片组PCH 上有多达 30 个高速 I/O 通道,

概览图如下:

Coffee Lake系统芯片由五个主要组件组成:CPU ,LLC,环形互连,系统代理集成显卡。自2011年推出Sandy Bridge以来,Coffee L

### PCIE Prefix Meaning in Computer Hardware In computer hardware, **PCIe** stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect Express. This is a high-speed serial connection that provides improved performance over previous bus implementations like PCI and AGP. PCIe allows direct connections between devices and the motherboard using point-to-point topology. The term "prefix" might refer to how PCIe slots or capabilities are denoted within system specifications or configurations. For instance: - **x1, x4, x8, x16**: These prefixes indicate lane widths of PCIe slots where each lane supports bidirectional data transfer at speeds defined by the version standard. For example, PCIe Gen3 has lanes operating at approximately 1 GigaTransfer per second (GT/s), translating into effective throughput rates depending upon encoding overheads[^1]. When discussing specific components such as GPUs with dedicated encoders like those mentioned regarding NVIDIA's H.264 encoder selection criteria[^2], these often connect via PCIe interfaces offering necessary bandwidth for video processing tasks without bottlenecks. Furthermore, technologies built around storage acceleration like SPDK leverage PCIe directly for ultra-low latency access patterns critical in modern applications requiring rapid I/O operations exceeding traditional SATA/SAS limits significantly when paired appropriately with suitable network fabrics including RDMA-capable setups capable of handling upwards of 40Gbps traffic efficiently per CPU core involved[^3]. ```python # Example Python code demonstrating enumeration of available PCIe devices import os def list_pcie_devices(): pcie_path = "/sys/bus/pci/devices" device_list = [] if not os.path.exists(pcie_path): print(f"{pcie_path} does not exist.") return entries = os.listdir(pcie_path) for entry in entries: device_list.append(entry) return device_list print(list_pcie_devices()) ``` --related questions-- 1. What versions of PCIe have been released since its inception? 2. How do different PCIe slot sizes affect device compatibility? 3. Can you explain the role of PCIe switches in expanding connectivity options? 4. In what ways does PCIe contribute to improving GPU performance? 5. Are there any notable differences between consumer-grade versus enterprise-level PCIe standards?
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