jdk源码解读-并发包-Lock-ReentrantLock(1)--lock()与unlock()方法走读

本人知乎技术文章

介绍:

ReentrantLock 是一个互斥锁,在基本行为和机制上与synchonized一样,只不过synchonized用方法和声明访问了隐式的锁监视器,但是ReentrantLock 做了功能上的扩展。

        ReentrantLock 被最后一个成功lock,但是还没unlock的线程拥有。当锁不被其他线程拥有,一个线程会成功的申请锁资源并立即返回。如果当前线程已经拥有了锁,再申请时也会立即返回。通过调用方法isHeldByCurrentThread()获取是否当前线程获得了锁,getHoldCount()得到获得几次锁资源。

此类的构造方法接受一个可选的公平 参数。当设置为 true 时,在多个线程的争用下,这些锁倾向于将访问权授予等待时间最长的线程。否则此锁将无法保证任何特定访问顺序。与采用默认设置(使用不公平锁)相比,使用公平锁的程序在许多线程访问时表现为很低的总体吞吐量(即速度很慢,常常极其慢),但是在获得锁和保证锁分配的均衡性时差异较小。不过要注意的是,公平锁不能保证线程调度的公平性。因此,使用公平锁的众多线程中的一员可能获得多倍的成功机会,这种情况发生在其他活动线程没有被处理并且目前并未持有锁时。还要注意的是,未定时的 tryLock 方法并没有使用公平设置。因为即使其他线程正在等待,只要该锁是可用的,此方法就可以获得成功。

         
     推荐使用用try-catch 块代码去调用lock(),如下:  
class X {
   private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
   // ...

   public void m() {
     lock.lock();  // block until condition holds
     try {
       // ... method body
     } finally {
       lock.unlock()
     }
   }
 }}
除了实现lock接口,这个类还定义了一些public和protected方法去检查锁的状态。有些方法仅仅用来监控和维修。

    这个类的序列化行为与内建的锁一样:反序列化的锁是没有获取锁状态,无论当它序列化时是否获取锁。
    这个锁支持最大2147483647次的重入次数,超过这个数会报错。
 

类关系图:


        从这个图可以看到ReentrantLock类实现了接口Lock和Serializable。
    public class ReentrantLock implements Lock, java.io.Serializable {
       ReentrantLock类的API调用都委托给一个内部类 Sync ,而该类继承了 AbstractQueuedSynchronizer类;
	/**
 	 * Base of synchronization control for this lock. Subclassed
 	 * into fair and nonfair versions below. Uses AQS state to
 	 * represent the number of holds on the lock.
 	*/
       abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
     
    而Sync又分为两个子类:公平锁和非公平锁,默认为非公平锁
       
	/**
	 * Sync object for fair locks
	 */
	static final class FairSync extends Sync {

	/**
	 * Sync object for non-fair locks
	 */
	static final class NonfairSync extends Sync {
       

ReentrantLock调用lock()方法时的调用关系图

    

     非公平锁类调用lock()方法时的调用关系: 

代码解析:

 

1.nofairTryAcquire:

/**
 * Performs non-fair tryLock.  tryAcquire is implemented in
 * subclasses, but both need nonfair try for trylock method.
 */
final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
    final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
    int c = getState();
    if (c == 0) {
        if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
            setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
            return true;
        }
    }
    else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
        int nextc = c + acquires;
        if (nextc < 0) // overflow
            throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
        setState(nextc);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

首先获取当前状态(初始化为0),当它等于0的时候,代表还没有任何线程获得该锁,然后通过CAS(底层是通过CompareAndSwapInt实现)改变state,如果设置成功设置当前线程为持有锁的线程;其他线程会直接返回false;当该线程重入的时候,state已经不等于0,这个时候并不需要CAS,因为该线程已经持有锁,然后会重新通过setState设置state的值,这里就实现了一个偏向锁的功能,即锁偏向该线程;

2.acquireQueued

只有当锁被一个线程持有,另外一个线程请求获得该锁的时候才会进入这个方法。

调用前首先调用addWaiter

addWaiter

/**
 * Creates and enqueues node for current thread and given mode.
 *
 * @param mode Node.EXCLUSIVE for exclusive, Node.SHARED for shared
 * @return the new node
 */
private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
    Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
    // Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure
    Node pred = tail;
    if (pred != null) {
        node.prev = pred;
        if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
            pred.next = node;
            return node;
        }
    }
    enq(node);
    return node;
}
首先,new一个节点,这个时候模式为:mode为 Node.EXCLUSIVE,默认为null即排它锁;

然后:

如果该队列已经有node即tail!=null,则将新节点的前驱节点置为tail,再通过CAS将tail指向当前节点,前驱节点的后继节点指向当前节点,然后返回当前节点;

如果队列为空或者CAS失败,则通过enq入队:

/**
 * Inserts node into queue, initializing if necessary. See picture above.
 * @param node the node to insert
 * @return node's predecessor
 */
private Node enq(final Node node) {
    for (;;) {
        Node t = tail;
        if (t == null) { // Must initialize
            if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))
                tail = head;
        } else {
            node.prev = t;
            if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {
                t.next = node;
                return t;
            }
        }
    }
}

进队的时候,要么是第一个入队并且设置head节点并且循环设置tail,要么是add tail,如果CAS不成功,则会无限循环,直到设置成功,即使高并发的场景,也最终能够保证设置成功,然后返回包装好的node节点;


 acquireQueued:
/**
 * Acquires in exclusive uninterruptible mode for thread already in
 * queue. Used by condition wait methods as well as acquire.
 *
 * @param node the node
 * @param arg the acquire argument
 * @return {@code true} if interrupted while waiting
 */
final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
    boolean failed = true;
    try {
        boolean interrupted = false;
        for (;;) {
            final Node p = node.predecessor();
            if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                setHead(node);
                p.next = null; // help GC
                failed = false;
                return interrupted;
            }
            if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                interrupted = true;
        }
    } finally {
        if (failed)
            cancelAcquire(node);
    }
}

该方法的主要作用就是真正让node入队,同时将已经进入虚拟队列的节点进行阻塞,我们看到,如果当前节点的前驱节点是head并且尝试获取锁的时候成功了,则直接返回,不需要阻塞;

如果前驱节点不是头节点或者获取锁的时候失败了,则进行判定是否需要阻塞:

/**
 * Checks and updates status for a node that failed to acquire.
 * Returns true if thread should block. This is the main signal
 * control in all acquire loops.  Requires that pred == node.prev.
 *
 * @param pred node's predecessor holding status
 * @param node the node
 * @return {@code true} if thread should block
 */
private static boolean shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) {
    int ws = pred.waitStatus;
    if (ws == Node.SIGNAL)
        /*
         * This node has already set status asking a release
         * to signal it, so it can safely park.
         */
        return true;
    if (ws > 0) {
        /*
         * Predecessor was cancelled. Skip over predecessors and
         * indicate retry.
         */
        do {
            node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
        } while (pred.waitStatus > 0);
        pred.next = node;
    } else {
        /*
         * waitStatus must be 0 or PROPAGATE.  Indicate that we
         * need a signal, but don't park yet.  Caller will need to
         * retry to make sure it cannot acquire before parking.
         */
        compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL);
    }
    return false;
}

这段代码对该节点的前驱节点的状态进行判断,如果前驱节点已经处于signal状态,则返回true,表明当前节点可以进入阻塞状态;

否则,将前驱节点状态CAS置为signal状态,然后通过上层的for循环进入parkAndCheckInterrupt代码块park:

/**
 * Convenience method to park and then check if interrupted
 *
 * @return {@code true} if interrupted
 */
private final boolean parkAndCheckInterrupt() {
    LockSupport.park(this);
    return Thread.interrupted();
}

这个时候将该线程交给操作系统内核进行阻塞;

总体来讲,acquireQueued就是依靠前驱节点的状态来决定当前线程是否应该处于阻塞状态,如果前驱节点处于cancel状态,则丢弃这些节点,重新构建队列;

公平锁类调用lock()方法时的调用关系: 



非公平锁类和公平锁类调用lock()时的区别:

1.非公平锁类调用lock()时,不排队先尝试获取锁资源,修改状态,修改不成功再入队。具体实现先调用AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的方法

protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) ,而公平锁类是直接入队,不给插队的机会,当直接插队失败才会入队。
2.调用tryAcquire()时也不同,
1.公平锁类的tryAcquire()
/**
 * Fair version of tryAcquire.  Don't grant access unless
 * recursive call or no waiters or is first.
 */
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
    final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
    int c = getState();
    if (c == 0) {
        if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
            compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
            setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
            return true;
        }
    }
    else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
        int nextc = c + acquires;
        if (nextc < 0)
            throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
        setState(nextc);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
2.非公平锁的tryAcquire()
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
    return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
}
/**
 * Performs non-fair tryLock.  tryAcquire is implemented in
 * subclasses, but both need nonfair try for trylock method.
 */
final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
    final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
    int c = getState();
    if (c == 0) {
        if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
            setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
            return true;
        }
    }
    else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
        int nextc = c + acquires;
        if (nextc < 0) // overflow
            throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
        setState(nextc);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
公平锁类先调用!hasQueuedPredecessors()检查此节点前面有没有非头节点的节点。这样保证了顺序的获得锁资源。非公平锁不调用!hasQueuedPredecessors()直接CAS

再来看unlock():
1.调用流程图:
  

1.Reentantlock方法unlock():
  
public void unlock() {
        sync.release(1);
    }


unlock()调用AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的release。

2.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的release(int arg):

 public final boolean release(int arg) {
        if (tryRelease(arg)) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
                unparkSuccessor(h);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

tryRelease(arg)为true则调用unparkSucessor(h),否则直接返回false。

3.我们再来看tryRelease(arg):

protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
            int c = getState() - releases;
            if (Thread.currentThread() != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            boolean free = false;
            if (c == 0) {
                free = true;
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
            }
            setState(c);
            return free;
        }


当释放锁的thread与当前获得锁的线程不一致时,抛出异常,参数releasese是要释放的重入锁的个数,c是释放后还剩几个。如果c==0则返回true。无论返回是true还是false都会更新state的值。state为零说明锁资源已经可以竞争了,非零说明锁资源还在某个线程没有释放。如果为零,下一步应该是唤醒一个线程,使这个线程获得竞争锁的权利。

4.unparkSucessor(h):
   
/**
     * Wakes up node's successor, if one exists.
     *
     * @param node the node
     */
    private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
        /*
         * If status is negative (i.e., possibly needing signal) try
         * to clear in anticipation of signalling.  It is OK if this
         * fails or if status is changed by waiting thread.
         */
        int ws = node.waitStatus;
        if (ws < 0)
            compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);

        /*
         * Thread to unpark is held in successor, which is normally
         * just the next node.  But if cancelled or apparently null,
         * traverse backwards from tail to find the actual
         * non-cancelled successor.
         */
        Node s = node.next;
        if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
            s = null;
            for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
                if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
                    s = t;
        }
        if (s != null)
            LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
    }

这个作用即:当头结点的状态小于0,则将头结点的状态CAS为0,然后通过链表获取下一个节点,如果下一个节点为null或者不符合要求的状态,则从队尾遍历整个链表,直到遍历到离head节点最近的一个节点并且等待状态符合预期,则将头结点的后继节点置为该节点;

对刚刚筛出来的符合要求的节点唤醒,也就是该节点获得 争夺 锁的权利。



最后让我们回到调用lock()时,线程被park的那段代码:

/**
 * Acquires in exclusive uninterruptible mode for thread already in
 * queue. Used by condition wait methods as well as acquire.
 *
 * @param node the node
 * @param arg the acquire argument
 * @return {@code true} if interrupted while waiting
 */
final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
    boolean failed = true;
    try {
        boolean interrupted = false;
        for (;;) {
            final Node p = node.predecessor();
            if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                setHead(node);
                p.next = null; // help GC
                failed = false;
                return interrupted;
            }
            if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                interrupted = true;
        }
    } finally {
        if (failed)
            cancelAcquire(node);
    }
}

也就是说for循环又可以继续跑了,去做一系列的判断,并尝试获得锁,上面已经讲了,不再说了。这样,线程从lock()到unlock()发生的事情都大体讲清楚了。下一节,会分析await()和singnal()。

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