多线程是实现并行处理的重要手段,在GUI编程中,经常需要将耗费任务分离,用单独的线程来处理,避免对主线程造成影响(最常见的影响就是会造成主界面无法响应的假死现象)。在Qt中,最常用的多线程一般是通过继承QThread类,重载其函数run()来实现。
QThread简介
QThread类提供了一种独立于平台的方式来管理线程。一个QThread对象管理程序中的一个控制线程。在run()中执行。默认情况下,run()通过调用exec()启动事件循环,并在线程内部运行Qt事件循环。
可以使用QObject.moveToThread()的方式将工作对象移动到线程中执行。
class Worker (QObject):
resultReady = pyqtSignal(str)
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(WorkerThread, self)._init__(parent)
def doWork(self, parameter):
result=''
#这里执行耗时的阻塞操作
self.resultReady.emit(result)
class Controller(QObject):
operate=pyqtSignal(str)
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(WorkerThread, self)._init__(parent)
worker = Worker()
self.workerThread =QThread()
worker.moveToThread(self.workerThread)
workerThread.finished.connect(worker.deleteLater)
self.operate.connect(worker.doWork)
worker.resultReady.connect(self.handleResults)
self.workerThread.start()
def __del__(self):
self.workerThread.quit()
self.workerThread.wait()
def handleResults(sel, result):
#在这里处理工作结束后返回的信息
然后, Worker中的doWork()代码将在单独的线程中执行。在这里我们可以将Worker的doWork()槽函数连接到来自任何线程的任何信号,因为借助Qt中的队列连接的机制,可以安全地跨线程连接信号和槽。
另外一种使用线程的方式就是继承QThread并重新实现其run() 函数。
class WorkerThread(QThread):
resultReady = pyqtSignal(str)
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(WorkerThread, self).__init__(parent)
def run(self):
result=''
#这里执行耗时的阻塞操作
self.resultReady.emit(result)
def __del__(self):
self.quit()
self.wait()
class MyObject(QObject):
....
def startWorkInAThread(self):
workerThread = WorkerThread(self)
workerThread.resultReady.connect(self.handleResults)
workerThread.finished.connect(workerThread.deleteLater)
workerThread.start()
def handleResults(sel, result):
#在这里处理工作结束后返回的信息
QThread.Priority线程优先级枚举量:
- QThread.IdlePriority (0): 仅在没有其他线程在运行时调度。
- QThread.LowestPriority (1): 比LowPriority安排的时间少。
- QThread.LowPriority (2): 比NormalPriority安排的时间少。
- QThread.NormalPriority (3): 操作系统的默认优先级。
- QThread.HighPriority (4): 比NormalPriority安排的时间更多。
- QThread.HighestPriority (5): 比“高优先级”安排的时间更频繁。
- QThread.TimeCriticalPriority (6): 尽可能频繁地安排。
- QThread.InheritPriority (7): 使用与创建线程相同的优先级。这是默认值。
QThread常用函数:
- usleep(usecs): 静态函数,强制当前线程休眠usecs微秒。
- msleep(msecs): 静态函数,强制当前线程休眠msecs毫秒。
- sleep(secs): 静态函数,强制当前线程休眠secs秒。
- run(self): 在调用start之后,线程将调用此函数。QThread的默认实现只是调用exec()。
- setPriority(self, priority: 'QThread.Priority'): 设置线程优先级。
- priority(self): 返回线程的优先级设置。
- start(self, priority: 'QThread.Priority'): 通过调用run()开始执行线程。操作系统将根据优先级参数调度线程。如果线程已经在运行,则此函数不执行任何操作。
- wait(self): 阻塞线程,直到满足以下任一条件:1.与该QThread对象关联的线程已完成执行(即,从run()返回时)。如果线程完成,此函数将返回true。如果线程尚未启动,它也会返回true。2.执行期限已到达。如果到了最后期限,此函数将返回false。
- quit(self): 告诉线程的事件循环以返回码0(成功)退出。等效于调用QThread.exit(0)。如果线程没有事件循环,则此函数不执行任何操作。
- exit(self, returnCode: int): 告诉线程的事件循环以returnCode退出。
- terminate(self): 终止线程的执行。根据操作系统的调度策略,线程可能会立即终止,也可能不会立即终止。可以在终止()之后使用QThread.wait()。当线程终止时,所有等待线程完成的线程都将被唤醒。警告:此功能很危险,不建议使用。线程可以在其代码路径中的任何位置终止。修改数据时可以终止线程。线程自身无法清除、解锁任何保持的互斥锁等。总之,仅在绝对必要时才使用此功能。
- isRunnig(self): 线程正在运行返回True,否则返回False。
- isFinished(self): 线程已结束返回True,否则返回False。
QThread常用信号:
- finish(self): 线程在执行完成之前发出该信号。发出此信号时,事件循环已经停止运行。除了延迟的删除事件外,线程中将不再处理其他事件。该信号可以连接到QObject.deleteLater(),以释放该线程中的对象。
注意:如果关联的线程使用terminate终止线程,则不确定从哪个线程发出该信号。
注意:这是一个私有信号。它可以用于信号连接,但不能由用户发射。
- started(self): 在调用run()函数之前,该信号在开始执行时从关联线程发出。
注意:这是一个私有信号。它可以用于信号连接,但不能由用户发射。
测试
测试代码在pyqt5-examples的线程样例代码基础上,演示了使用多线程绘制Mandelbrot分形图像。 完整代码如下:
import sys
from PyQt5.QtCore import (Qt, pyqtSignal, QPoint, QSize,
QMutex, QMutexLocker, QWaitCondition, QThread)
from PyQt5.QtGui import QColor, QImage, QPainter, QPixmap, qRgb
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget
#一些控制变量
DefaultCenterX = -0.647011
DefaultCenterY = -0.0395159
DefaultScale = 0.00403897
ZoomInFactor = 0.8
ZoomOutFactor = 1 / ZoomInFactor
ScrollStep = 20
#图像渲染线程
class RenderThread(QThread):
ColormapSize = 512
#图像渲染完成后,发射这个信号
renderedImage = pyqtSignal(QImage, float)
def __init__(self, parent = None):
super(RenderThread, self).__init__(parent)
self.mutex = QMutex()
self.condition = QWaitCondition()
self.centerX = 0.0
self.centerY = 0.0
self.scaleFactor = 0.0
self.resultSize = QSize()
self.colormap = []
self.restart = False
self.abort = False
for i in range(RenderThread.ColormapSize):
self.colormap.append(self.rgbFromWaveLength(380.0 + (i * 400.0 / RenderThread.ColormapSize)))
def __del__(self):
self.mutex.lock()
self.abort = True
self.condition.wakeOne()
self.mutex.unlock()
self.wait()
def render(self, centerX, centerY, scaleFactor, resultSize):
locker = QMutexLocker(self.mutex)
self.centerX = centerX
self.centerY = centerY
self.scaleFactor = scaleFactor
self.resultSize = resultSize
if not self.isRunning():
self.start(QThread.LowestPriority)
else:
self.restart = True
self.condition.wakeOne()
def run(self):
while True:
self.mutex.lock()
resultSize = self.resultSize
scaleFactor = self.scaleFactor
centerX = self.centerX
centerY = self.centerY
self.mutex.unlock()
halfWidth = resultSize.width() // 2
halfHeight = resultSize.height() // 2
image = QImage(resultSize, QImage.Format_RGB32)
NumPasses = 8
curpass = 0
# 渲染Mandelbort分形几何图像
while curpass < NumPasses:
MaxIterations = (1 << (2 * curpass + 6)) + 32
Limit = 4
allBlack = True
for y in range(-halfHeight, halfHeight):
if self.restart:
break
if self.abort:
return
ay = 1j * (centerY + (y * scaleFactor))
for x in range(-halfWidth, halfWidth):
c0 = centerX + (x * scaleFactor) + ay
c = c0
numIterations = 0
while numIterations < MaxIterations:
numIterations += 1
c = c*c + c0
if abs(c) >= Limit:
break
numIterations += 1
c = c*c + c0
if abs(c) >= Limit:
break
numIterations += 1
c = c*c + c0
if abs(c) >= Limit:
break
numIterations += 1
c = c*c + c0
if abs(c) >= Limit:
break
if numIterations < MaxIterations:
image.setPixel(x + halfWidth, y + halfHeight,
self.colormap[numIterations % RenderThread.ColormapSize])
allBlack = False
else:
image.setPixel(x + halfWidth, y + halfHeight, qRgb(0, 0, 0))
if allBlack and curpass == 0:
curpass = 4
else:
if not self.restart:
self.renderedImage.emit(image, scaleFactor)
curpass += 1
self.mutex.lock()
if not self.restart:
self.condition.wait(self.mutex)
self.restart = False
self.mutex.unlock()
#根据波长计算对应的填充颜色
def rgbFromWaveLength(self, wave):
r = 0.0
g = 0.0
b = 0.0
if wave >= 380.0 and wave <= 440.0:
r = -1.0 * (wave - 440.0) / (440.0 - 380.0)
b = 1.0
elif wave >= 440.0 and wave <= 490.0:
g = (wave - 440.0) / (490.0 - 440.0)
b = 1.0
elif wave >= 490.0 and wave <= 510.0:
g = 1.0
b = -1.0 * (wave - 510.0) / (510.0 - 490.0)
elif wave >= 510.0 and wave <= 580.0:
r = (wave - 510.0) / (580.0 - 510.0)
g = 1.0
elif wave >= 580.0 and wave <= 645.0:
r = 1.0
g = -1.0 * (wave - 645.0) / (645.0 - 580.0)
elif wave >= 645.0 and wave <= 780.0:
r = 1.0
s = 1.0
if wave > 700.0:
s = 0.3 + 0.7 * (780.0 - wave) / (780.0 - 700.0)
elif wave < 420.0:
s = 0.3 + 0.7 * (wave - 380.0) / (420.0 - 380.0)
r = pow(r * s, 0.8)
g = pow(g * s, 0.8)
b = pow(b * s, 0.8)
return qRgb(r*255, g*255, b*255)
class DemoMandelbrot(QWidget):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(DemoMandelbrot, self).__init__(parent)
# 设置窗口标题
self.setWindowTitle('实战 Qt for Python: QTread演示')
# 设置窗口大小
self.resize(480, 360)
self.thread = RenderThread()
self.pixmap = QPixmap()
self.pixmapOffset = QPoint()
self.lastDragPos = QPoint()
self.centerX = DefaultCenterX
self.centerY = DefaultCenterY
self.pixmapScale = DefaultScale
self.curScale = DefaultScale
self.thread.renderedImage.connect(self.updatePixmap)
self.setCursor(Qt.CrossCursor)
def paintEvent(self, event):
painter = QPainter(self)
painter.fillRect(self.rect(), Qt.black)
if self.pixmap.isNull():
painter.setPen(Qt.white)
painter.drawText(self.rect(), Qt.AlignCenter,
"正在渲染初始化图像,请耐心等待......")
return
if self.curScale == self.pixmapScale:
painter.drawPixmap(self.pixmapOffset, self.pixmap)
else:
scaleFactor = self.pixmapScale / self.curScale
newWidth = int(self.pixmap.width() * scaleFactor)
newHeight = int(self.pixmap.height() * scaleFactor)
newX = self.pixmapOffset.x() + (self.pixmap.width() - newWidth) / 2
newY = self.pixmapOffset.y() + (self.pixmap.height() - newHeight) / 2
painter.save()
painter.translate(newX, newY)
painter.scale(scaleFactor, scaleFactor)
#exposed, _ = painter.matrix().inverted()
exposed = painter.transform()
exposed = exposed.mapRect(self.rect()).adjusted(-1, -1, 1, 1)
painter.drawPixmap(exposed, self.pixmap, exposed)
painter.restore()
text = "使用鼠标滚轮或者 '+' 和 '-' 键进行缩放. 按下鼠标左键并保持,进行拖动"
metrics = painter.fontMetrics()
textWidth = metrics.width(text)
painter.setPen(Qt.NoPen)
painter.setBrush(QColor(0, 0, 0, 127))
painter.drawRect((self.width() - textWidth) / 2 - 5, 0, textWidth + 10,
metrics.lineSpacing() + 5)
painter.setPen(Qt.white)
painter.drawText((self.width() - textWidth) / 2,
metrics.leading() + metrics.ascent(), text)
def resizeEvent(self, event):
self.thread.render(self.centerX, self.centerY, self.curScale,
self.size())
def keyPressEvent(self, event):
if event.key() == Qt.Key_Plus:
self.zoom(ZoomInFactor)
elif event.key() == Qt.Key_Minus:
self.zoom(ZoomOutFactor)
elif event.key() == Qt.Key_Left:
self.scroll(-ScrollStep, 0)
elif event.key() == Qt.Key_Right:
self.scroll(+ScrollStep, 0)
elif event.key() == Qt.Key_Down:
self.scroll(0, -ScrollStep)
elif event.key() == Qt.Key_Up:
self.scroll(0, +ScrollStep)
else:
super(DemoMandelbrot, self).keyPressEvent(event)
def wheelEvent(self, event):
numDegrees = event.angleDelta().y() / 8
numSteps = numDegrees / 15.0
self.zoom(pow(ZoomInFactor, numSteps))
def mousePressEvent(self, event):
if event.buttons() == Qt.LeftButton:
self.lastDragPos = QPoint(event.pos())
def mouseMoveEvent(self, event):
if event.buttons() & Qt.LeftButton:
self.pixmapOffset += event.pos() - self.lastDragPos
self.lastDragPos = QPoint(event.pos())
self.update()
def mouseReleaseEvent(self, event):
if event.button() == Qt.LeftButton:
self.pixmapOffset += event.pos() - self.lastDragPos
self.lastDragPos = QPoint()
deltaX = (self.width() - self.pixmap.width()) / 2 - self.pixmapOffset.x()
deltaY = (self.height() - self.pixmap.height()) / 2 - self.pixmapOffset.y()
self.scroll(deltaX, deltaY)
def updatePixmap(self, image, scaleFactor):
if not self.lastDragPos.isNull():
return
self.pixmap = QPixmap.fromImage(image)
self.pixmapOffset = QPoint()
self.lastDragPosition = QPoint()
self.pixmapScale = scaleFactor
self.update()
def zoom(self, zoomFactor):
self.curScale *= zoomFactor
self.update()
self.thread.render(self.centerX, self.centerY, self.curScale,
self.size())
def scroll(self, deltaX, deltaY):
self.centerX += deltaX * self.curScale
self.centerY += deltaY * self.curScale
self.update()
self.thread.render(self.centerX, self.centerY, self.curScale,
self.size())
if __name__ == '__main__':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
window = DemoMandelbrot()
window.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())
运行结果如下图:
测试QThread
本文知识点
- 为什么要在程序中使用多线程。
- 使用QThread的两种方法。
- 使用多线程绘制耗时的几何图像。
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