C++ 二进制文件读写

 

 

 

二进制文件的读写

　　①put()

　　put()函数向流写入一个字符，其原型是ofstream &put(char ch)，使用也比较简单，如file1.put('c');就是向流写一个字符'c'。

　　②get()

　　get()函数比较灵活，有3种常用的重载形式：

　　一种就是和put()对应的形式：ifstream &get(char &ch);功能是从流中读取一个字符，结果保存在引用ch中，如果到文件尾，返回空字符。如file2.get(x);表示从文件中读取一个字符，并把读取的字符保存在x中。

　　另一种重载形式的原型是： int get();这种形式是从流中返回一个字符，如果到达文件尾，返回EOF，如x=file2.get();和上例功能是一样的。

　　还有一种形式的原型是：ifstream &get(char *buf,int num,char delim='\n');这种形式把字符读入由 buf 指向的数组，直到读入了 num 个字符或遇到了由 delim 指定的字符，如果没使用 delim 这个参数，将使用缺省值换行符'\n'。例如：

　　file2.get(str1,127,'A'); //从文件中读取字符到字符串str1，当遇到字符'A'或读取了127个字符时终止。

　　③读写数据块

　　要读写二进制数据块，使用成员函数read()和write()成员函数，它们原型如下：

　　read(unsigned char *buf,int num);

　　write(const unsigned char *buf,int num);

　　read()从文件中读取 num 个字符到 buf 指向的缓存中，如果在还未读入 num 个字符时就到了文件尾，可以用成员函数 int gcount();来取得实际读取的字符数;而 write() 从buf 指向的缓存写 num 个字符到文件中，值得注意的是缓存的类型是 unsigned char *，有时可能需要类型转换。

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http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/files/

 

// reading a complete binary file

 

In binary files, to input and output data with the extraction and insertion operators (<< and>>) and functions like getline is not efficient, since we do not need to format any data, and data may not use the separation codes used by text files to separate elements (like space, newline, etc...).

File streams include two member functions specifically designed to input and output binary data sequentially:write and read. The first one (write) is a member function ofostream inherited by ofstream. And read is a member function ofistream that is inherited by ifstream. Objects of class fstream have both members. Their prototypes are:

write ( memory_block, size );
read ( memory_block, size );

Where memory_block is of type "pointer to char" (char*), and represents the address of an array of bytes where the read data elements are stored or from where the data elements to be written are taken. Thesize parameter is an integer value that specifies the number of characters to be read or written from/to the memory block.

要主意的是: ifstream::pos_type size;

 

// reading a complete binary file
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

ifstream::pos_type size;
char * memblock;

int main () {
  ifstream file ("example.bin", ios::in|ios::binary|ios::ate);
  if (file.is_open())
  {
    size = file.tellg();
    memblock = new char [size];
    file.seekg (0, ios::beg);
    file.read (memblock, size);
    file.close();

    cout << "the complete file content is in memory";

    delete[] memblock;
  }
  else cout << "Unable to open file";
  return 0;
}

 

 

In this example the entire file is read and stored in a memory block. Let's examine how this is done:

First, the file is open with the ios::ate flag, which means that the get pointer will be positioned at the end of the file. This way, when we call to membertellg(), we will directly obtain the size of the file. Notice the type we have used to declare variablesize:

ifstream::pos_type size;

ifstream::pos_type is a specific type used for buffer and file positioning and is the type returned byfile.tellg(). This type is defined as an integer type, therefore we can conduct on it the same operations we conduct on any other integer value, and can safely be converted to another integer type large enough to contain the size of the file. For a file with a size under 2GB we could use int:

1 2	int size; size = (int) file.tellg();

Once we have obtained the size of the file, we request the allocation of a memory block large enough to hold the entire file:

memblock = new char[size];

Right after that, we proceed to set the get pointer at the beginning of the file (remember that we opened the file with this pointer at the end), then read the entire file, and finally close it:

1 2 3

file.seekg (0, ios::beg); file.read (memblock, size); file.close();

At this point we could operate with the data obtained from the file. Our program simply announces that the content of the file is in memory and then terminates.

Buffers and Synchronization

When we operate with file streams, these are associated to an internal buffer of typestreambuf. This buffer is a memory block that acts as an intermediary between the stream and the physical file. For example, with anofstream, each time the member function put (which writes a single character) is called, the character is not written directly to the physical file with which the stream is associated. Instead of that, the character is inserted in that stream's intermediate buffer.

When the buffer is flushed, all the data contained in it is written to the physical medium (if it is an output stream) or simply freed (if it is an input stream). This process is calledsynchronization and takes place under any of the following circumstances:

• When the file is closed: before closing a file all buffers that have not yet been flushed are synchronized and all pending data is written or read to the physical medium.
• When the buffer is full: Buffers have a certain size. When the buffer is full it is automatically synchronized.
• Explicitly, with manipulators: When certain manipulators are used on streams, an explicit synchronization takes place. These manipulators are:flush and endl.
• Explicitly, with member function sync(): Calling stream's member functionsync(), which takes no parameters, causes an immediate synchronization. This function returns anint value equal to -1 if the stream has no associated buffer or in case of failure. Otherwise (if the stream buffer was successfully synchronized) it returns0.