昨天做了一套C++的笔试题,其中一道题是这样的。
class A
{
int m_A;
};
class B
{
int m_B;
};
class C: public A, public B
{
int m_C;
};
C* pC = new C();
A* pA = pC;
B* pB = pC;
请问pA是否等于pC,pB是否等于pC。之前的印象中只知道,如果将派生类的对象赋值给基类对象,会发生所谓的切割(Slice),即只保留基类的部分。但对于指针的赋值,并没有深入地去想过。这道题的答案是,pA等于pC,但是pB不等于pC,pB等于pA加上sizeof(A)。为了一探究竟,写了一段简短的代码。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
public:
A() {}
virtual ~A() {}
int m_A;
};
class B
{
public:
B() {}
virtual ~B() {}
int m_B;
};
class C: public A, public B
{
public:
C() {}
virtual ~C() {}
int m_C;
};
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
C* pC = new C();
A* pA = pC;
B* pB = pC;
cout << "The address of pA is " << pA << endl;
cout << "The address of pB is " << pB << endl;
cout << "The address of pC is " << pC << endl;
cout << "The address of m_A is " << &pC->m_A << endl;
cout << "The address of m_B is " << &pC->m_B << endl;
cout << "The address of m_C is " << &pC->m_C << endl;
return 0;
}
在Mac OS X 10.9中,用g++编译后,运行所得的结果如下所示。
The address of pA is 0x100103b20
The address of pB is 0x100103b30
The address of pC is 0x100103b20
The address of m_A is 0x100103b28
The address of m_B is 0x100103b38
The address of m_C is 0x100103b3c
很明显,pB与pC是不等的,但pA与pC却是相等的。将pC转型成B *类型的时候,指针指向了B所对应的内存块上。同时,还能从以上运行结果中得到C的对象在内存中的分布如下:
0x100103b20 virtual table pointer of C (8 bytes)
0x100103b28 m_A (4 bytes)
0x100103b2c null (4 bytes)
0x100103b30 virtual table pointer of B (8 bytes)
0x100103b38 m_B (4 bytes)
0x100103b3c m_C (4 bytes)
这样,sizeof(C)的值就等于32。pC所指向的内存可以分成三块,第一部分是A的内容,第二部分是B的内容,剩下的是C自己的非静态成员变量。C自己的虚函数表信息被添加到了第一个虚函数表(即A的虚表)中。由于OS X是64位操作系统,所以指针大小为8个字节,由于内存对齐的缘故,在m_A后有一个4字节的内存填充。