要推导下列重要函数的导数,就必须从导数的定义作为入手点。
导数的定义: f ′ ( x ) = lim h → 0 f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) h f'(x)=\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h} f′(x)=limh→0hf(x+h)−f(x)
① f ( x ) = C f(x)=C f(x)=C( C C C 为常数)
推导: f ′ ( x ) = lim h → 0 C − C h = 0 f'(x)=\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{C-C}{h}=0 f′(x)=limh→0hC−C=0,故 ( C ) ′ = 0 (C)'=0 (C)′=0
② f ( x ) = x μ ( μ ∈ R ) f(x)=x^\mu \;(\mu \in R) f(x)=xμ(μ∈R)
推导:
f ′ ( x ) = lim h → 0 ( x + h ) μ − x μ h = lim h → 0 x μ ⋅ ( 1 + h x ) μ − 1 h = lim h → 0 x μ − 1 ⋅ ( 1 + h x ) μ − 1 h x f'(x)=\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{(x+h)^\mu-x^\mu}{h}=\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} x^{\mu}\cdot \frac{\left(1+\frac{h}{x}\right)^{\mu}-1}{h}=\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} x^{\mu-1} \cdot \frac{\left(1+\frac{h}{x}\right)^{\mu}-1}{\frac{h}{x}} f′(x)=h→0limh(x+h)μ−xμ=h→0limxμ⋅h(1+xh)μ−1=h→0limxμ−1⋅xh(1+xh)μ−1
根据之前讨论过的等价无穷小的知识,当 x → 0 x\to 0 x→0 时, ( 1 + x ) α − 1 ∼ α x (1+x)^\alpha-1\sim\alpha x (1+x)α−1∼αx
于是, lim h → 0 ( 1 + h x ) μ − 1 ∼ lim h → 0 μ h x \lim_{h\to 0}(1+\frac{h}{x})^\mu-1\sim\lim_{h\to 0}\mu \frac{h}{x} limh→0(1+xh)μ−1∼limh→0μxh
由此可得 lim h → 0 x μ − 1 ⋅ ( 1 + h x ) μ − 1 h x = lim h → 0 μ x μ − 1 \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} x^{\mu-1} \cdot \frac{\left(1+\frac{h}{x}\right)^{\mu}-1}{\frac{h}{x}}=\lim_{h\to 0}\mu x^{\mu-1} limh→0xμ−1⋅xh(1+xh)μ−1=limh→0μxμ−1,即 ( x μ ) ′ = μ x μ − 1 (x^\mu)'=\mu x^{\mu-1} (xμ)′=μxμ−1
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f(x)=sinx
f(x)=sinx
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f(x)=a^x
f(x)=ax
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f(x)=\log_ax
f(x)=logax